It is known that the physical development of a person as a process of change and formation of morphological and functional properties depends both on heredity and on living conditions, as well as on physical education from the moment of birth. Of course, not all signs of physical development are equally amenable to correction at student age: the most difficult is height (more correctly, body length), much easier - body weight (weight) and individual anthropometric indicators (chest circumference, hips, etc.) ).

In this work, we will consider what means and methods of physical culture each student who wishes can correct and maintain their anthropometric indicators, in particular, body weight.

Prospects for the formation of an ideal figure depending on the type of physique

wellness physique physical regimen

Unlike height, body weight (weight) lends itself to significant changes, both in one direction and the other, with regular engagement in certain physical exercises or sports (with a balanced diet).

Before you start training, you need to accurately assess your data: general health, heart readiness for physical activity and body type. People with different body types respond differently to the same training system. What will produce great results for one may not work for another.

As you know, the norm of body weight is closely related to the growth of a person. The simplest height-weight indicator is calculated by the formula: height (cm) - 100 = weight (kg). The result shows the body weight normal for a person of a given height. However, this formula is suitable only for adults with a height of 155-165 cm.When a height of 165-175 cm, 105 must be subtracted, with a height of 175-185, 110 must be subtracted.

You can also use the weight and height indicator (Ketley index). In this case, by dividing body weight (in g) by height (in cm), the quotient is obtained, which should be about 350-420 for men and 325-410 for women. This indicator indicates excess body weight or lack of it.

The directional change in body weight is quite accessible at a student age. The problem is different - it is necessary to change the usual way of life. Therefore, preventing or treating obesity is largely a psychological problem. But whether or not you need to significantly change the body weight, you decide for yourself when assessing the proportionality of your body. It remains to choose the types of sports (exercises) for regular exercise, especially since some types contribute to weight loss (all cyclic - running for middle and long distances, cross-country skiing, etc.), others can help "gain" body weight (weightlifting , athletic gymnastics, kettlebell lifting, etc.).

The true anthropometric proportionality of the human body, recognized by both anatomists and biodynamicists, is based on the views of the ancient Hellenes, in whom the cult of the human body was quite high. This was especially clearly reflected in the classical proportions of the works of ancient Greek sculptors. The basis for their development of body proportions were taken units of measure, equal to one or another part of the human body. This unit of measure, called modulus, is the head height. According to Poliklet, the height of the head with a normal figure of a person should fit eight times in the height of the body. So, according to the "square of the ancients", the range of outstretched arms is equal to the height of the body. The length of the thigh fits four times in the height of the growth, etc.

Basic body types

* asthenic (ectomorphic);
* hypersthenic (endomorphic);
* normosthenic (mesomorphic).

Approximate unloading diets.

Methods for correcting overweight and treating obesity can be classified into:

Medication - carried out in combination with non-drug methods by specialist doctors (nutritionist, endocrinologist, etc.) or in conjunction with attending doctors or doctors of offices / departments of medical prevention, health centers;

Surgical - are carried out according to special indications in a surgical hospital by surgeons together with doctors, nutritionists, endocrinologists, etc.

The goal of overweight correction is to reduce the Quetelet index to 25 kg / m, waist circumference for men less than 94 cm, for women less than 80 cm.

An intermediate goal for obesity, especially with a significant degree - the Quetelet index is below 30 kg / m, the waist circumference for men is less than 102 cm, for women - less than 88 cm.

The target weight loss in obesity is determined individually, but it is desirable to strive (in the absence of contraindications) to the general target level. Consideration of the total cardiovascular risk is important.

The primary method is focused on determining the indications for correcting excessive MT and choosing tactics, includes clarifying the type of obesity, intensity and duration, and concomitant pathological conditions.

The initial examination should include an assessment of the pattern of preventive behavior. The concept of "models of preventive behavior" includes an assessment of the patient's attitude to the revealed excess MT (obesity), the desire to reduce MT and the willingness to follow medical prescriptions and advice. The experience of scientific research shows that the predicted success in reducing excess MT is more often observed in patients with an active attitude to their health, who have a desire for recovery, but feel the need for medical care since they understand that it will not be easy for them to cope with the problem on their own (model of a perceived need for medical care).

The primary admission of a patient with overweight / obesity can be carried out both by the attending physician and in the office of medical prevention / health center.

The majority of patients with excess MT express a desire to normalize their weight, but not in all cases this desire is realized and is associated with a desire to "act". Such patients may be shown to consult a psychologist (if possible). At the same time, a medical prophylaxis physician should have the basic skills of conducting motivational consultations with a preventive aim of increasing the conscious attitude to health and recovery of patients with behavioral risk factors, which include dietary habits (eating behavior). In this connection, at the initial admission, attention should be paid to the assessment of the patient's desire to reduce excess MT, which is established by a simple questionnaire method. If the patient does not have such a desire, then at the first stage he needs to conduct at least a brief counseling, in which it is important to give information about the need to control body weight and maintain it at an optimal level. On the basis of the examination, persons with absolute and relative contraindications are excluded already at the initial admission. These patients (or their relatives) are interviewed and given sanitary and educational material in the form of memos, leaflets, brochures, reference materials, etc. Persons with normal MT also receive short advice on healthy eating and body weight control. Patients who express a desire to reduce excess MT, but have a number of contraindications, can be offered, if possible, individual tactics.

Persons who are practically healthy, but overweight (BMI in the range of 25.0-29.9), who do not additionally have other RFs (smoking, dyslipidemia, impaired carbohydrate tolerance, etc.) are invited for group counseling (health schools) or they are encouraged to visit again, the content of counseling on a return visit is similar to the topic of the lesson in the School of Health with excessive MT.

Persons with BMI> 30.0 with a diagnosis of obesity and persons with excessive BMI (BMI 25.0-29.9) with concomitant RF are assigned for repeated visits, with them repeated supportive counseling and body weight control.

Perhaps the appointment of an additional (strictly according to indications) against the background of diet therapy, drug and / or surgical treatment. If necessary, consultations of other specialists are prescribed: an endocrinologist, a psychotherapist, a reflexologist, an exercise therapy doctor, a surgeon, etc. Self-control of MT is recommended for all patients.

Medical correction of obesity
The use of medicines is indicated for:

Ineffectiveness of diet therapy and other methods of non-drug intervention;

Complicated forms of obesity (treatment of concomitant pathology);

With an MT index of more than 30 kg / m or more in any case and an index of 27 kg / m or more in the presence of AO or risk factors and concomitant diseases. You can immediately prescribe drug therapy against the background of a diet.

Secondary obesity, when there is a pathology from the endocrine system (treatment of the underlying pathology).

All drugs prescribed for obese patients are used strictly according to indications and contraindications. Contraindications for drug treatment are: childhood; pregnancy; a history of serious side effects when using drugs of a similar type; simultaneous use of drugs with a similar mechanism of action

Medicines used for obesity are divided into the following groups:

Directly used for obesity

Hormonal, improving metabolism

Vitamins, amino acids and minerals to help balance a reduced diet

Symptomatic drugs: antihypertensive, diuretic, laxative, hepatotropic, antidiabetic, hypolipemic, etc.

According to the mechanism of action, the drugs of the 1st group for the treatment of obesity can be conditionally divided into 2 subgroups:

Central actions that reduce appetite: anorectics, acting on adrenergic serotonergic structures (specific drugs and their dosages are determined by the attending physician, since there are contraindications to the use of each of them)

Reducing food absorption - means of gastrointestinal effects: orlistat - an inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. Reduces fat absorption by 30%. It is prescribed by a doctor in an individual dose for each patient.

Orlistat treatment can be continued for up to 6 months under medical supervision. Repeated courses are possible. From the point of view of evidence-based medicine, there is no information about their effective and safe long-term use.

Surgical methods of correction for obesity.

Invasive conservative (plasmapheresis, hemosorption, etc.) and surgical (gastroplasty, formation of a "small" stomach, bowel resection and other methods) are most often used for strictly defined health indications, when there is high obesity, with a body mass index of more than 35 and concomitant risk factors and / or diseases that cannot be corrected conservatively and / or occur with typical complications (secondary endocrine disorders, hernia spinal column, severe coxoarthrosis, etc.).

More gentle operations of liposuction, liporesection with plastic surgery of the abdominal wall, etc. have more cosmetic value and can be performed in the absence of generally known general surgical contraindications, at the request of the patient.

Obesity- This is a chronic metabolic disorder, manifested by excessive development of adipose tissue, progressing during the natural course, a serious risk factor for the development of various diseases.

Obesity Is a time bomb. The presence of obesity, arterial hypertension, impaired carbohydrate tolerance and high blood lipid levels combine in the so-called "metabolic syndrome" X ". This syndrome is one of the main causes of the development of cardiovascular diseases and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Obesity increases the risk of death from coronary heart disease by 5 times. Obese people are at high risk of developing cancer. Obesity brings with it changes in the endocrine and reproductive systems.

Overweight- the problem is not only personal, individual. This is a medical and social problem that significantly worsens the health of society as a whole and leads to a reduction in life expectancy. Obesity is one of the most common diseases in the world. At present, it is acquiring the character of a global epidemic. In developed countries, 35% of the population is overweight. According to statistics, more than half of the adult population of countries Western Europe is obese, in the United States the figure is even higher, in Russia about 55% of Russians are overweight.

The urgency of the obesity problem lies in the fact that by 2025, 67% of the population will be overweight, which means diseases, discomfort, sexual unattractiveness, the risk of early death, etc.

The economic consequences of obesity: in developed countries, the total cost of obesity treatment is about 10% of health care costs, including direct costs of treatment - from 3 to 5%.

Obesity-related indirect costs: temporary disability, disability, decreased earnings, unemployment, decreased quality of life, premature death.

So, obesity is one of the global health problems around the world.

The main causes of obesity:

- in 60 - 80%, the result is a high-calorie unbalanced diet, an imbalance between the amount of consumed and consumed energy; - lack of nutrition modern man the most important micronutrients (if the necessary nutrients regularly enter the body - a person is healthy, he is able to withstand pathogenic viruses and microorganisms, various diseases, various stresses, mental and physical stress); - hereditary factor; - chronic stress (in conditions of a deficit of positive emotions, a person subconsciously strives for pleasure, and delicious food is one of the easy ways to get this pleasure); - violation of the endocrine function of adipose tissue ( The process of maintaining an optimal amount of fat in adipose tissue is called an adipostat. ... The supreme center of regulation of these processes is hypothalamus: it contains the center of hunger and the center of satiety. Stimulation of the hunger center causes bulimia(indomitable appetite), and the saturation center - anorexia(lack of appetite). Fat utilization process - lipolysis, the process of fat formation - lipogenesis... In progress lipolysis hormones are produced adipsin and resistin stimulating the center of hunger, and in the process lipogenesis and the hormone is produced leptin, which serves as a powerful stimulant of the satiety center. The optimal alternation of the secretion of these hormones with food intake and its absence provides a normal adipostat); - changes in the production of hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism.

In clinical practice, it is customary to divide the degrees of obesity: - 1 degree - excess weight exceeds normal by 10-29%; - 2nd degree - by 30 - 49%; - 3 degree by 50 - 99%; - 4 degree - more than 100%.

There are two stages of the disease: progressive and stable. And here the question arises about the normal weight of a person: what should it be?

Approximately normal weight is considered to be the weight calculated by Broca's formula: height (in cm) - 100. A deviation in the direction of increase is permissible: in men by 10%, in women by 15% of body weight.

Waist circumference (an indirect indicator of the amount of visceral fat): for women - no more than 88 cm, for men - no more than 102 cm.

Body mass index (BMI) most accurately characterizes normal weight and its deviation in one direction or another. Calculated by the formula: body weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared.

BMI = body weight in kg / (height in m) squared.

Thus, BMI less than 19 occurs in people who are thin, emaciated; BMI = 20 - 25 - with normal weight; BMI = 26 - 30 - if you are overweight; note! BMI = 31 - 40 - with moderate obesity; BMI over 41 - the situation got out of control, morbid obesity was formed.

An equally important characteristic of weight is the ratio of the ratio of the waist to the hip. Values are considered acceptable: for women less than 0.8, and for men less than 0.9. For people over forty years old, the following are permissible: for women - 0.85, for men - 0.95.

So what do you need to do to be both beautiful and healthy? To do this, you need to learn how to count!

If you want to lose weight, it is absolutely necessary to know the calorie content of food eaten during the day so that you can compare the amount of energy supplied and consumed. But you also need to know about how many calories we are spending.

Example: a nurse of a surgical department, height 165, weight 65 kg. Calculating BMI: 65 kg / (1.65) m squared = 23.9. Then the daily requirement for kilocalories is: 35 kcal x 65 kg = 2275 kcal, i.e. approximately 2300 kcal.

Losing weight is necessary and even necessary. But traditional approaches to correcting obesity, rigid diets and fasting do not provide effective and lasting weight loss. But how do you deal with this?

If you seriously decided to improve your health and change your life for the better, then read on.

Biologically active food additives, which are available in huge quantities in the products of the ARGO company, come to the rescue. There are health-improving products of the Nutrikon, Pectolact series, health-improving phyto-teas, protein-vitamin cocktails, and the Success bar.

An important advantage of the Nutrikon series products is the high bioavailability of trace elements, which is ensured by the new technology for growing selenium - spirulina and chromium - spirulina. Nutrikon products contain in different proportions: rose hips, burdock root, lingonberry leaf, spirulina, oats in a grain shell, flax seed, St. John's wort and a number of other plant components used to reduce weight.

Series Product Effects "Nutrikon" in obesity correction: - decrease in the absorption of fats and carbohydrates; - balanced diet; - activation of metabolism (vitamins B, micronutrients); - decrease in the total calorie content of the diet; - normalization of intestinal motility; - decreased appetite (swelling of the PT, regulation of the appetite center); - improvement of adaptation processes; - improvement of lipid metabolism, elimination of endogenous cholesterol.

It is now considered an indisputable fact that micronutrients are regulators of the centers of hunger and satiety.

Nutrikon - Chrome especially recommended for weight loss, as chromium is here in a form bioavailable for the body, interacts with insulin in the process of carbohydrate metabolism, and participates in the construction and functioning of nucleic acids. The daily human requirement for chromium ranges from 50-200 mcg. Nutrikon chromium is especially necessary for people who eat monotonous and lead a sedentary lifestyle. Nutrikon - chromium is used for the prevention and correction of excess body weight in a daily dose of 15 - 20 g per day, before or during meals. The course of continuous use is usually 1-2 months, but in some cases (for example, with diabetes mellitus, especially type 2, accompanied by obesity) it can be increased. It is advisable to repeat courses 3-4 times a year.

Nutrikon - Green, its use with excess weight is very important, since, in addition to the main components, it contains sugary kelp, which is an additional source of soluble PV and organic iodine, and accelerates metabolism. Nutrikon - Green is especially effective for obesity, combined with iodine deficiency, atherosclerosis, pathology of the biliary tract and chronic constipation. The recommended dose of Nutrikone - Green per day for an adult is 20 g. Such amounts of Nutrikone can be used for a long time up to six months or more, especially in areas with natural iodine deficiency.

Nutrikon - Fito it is used in the correction of excess weight as the richest product in the most important micronutrients. It has antioxidant, mild sedative, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects. According to the results of a clinical study of Nutrikona - Phyto, its constituent components help to reduce BMI and waist circumference. It is recommended to alternate Nutrikon - Fito with other products of the Nutrikon series. The dose of the product is 20 g per day, usually divided into 2-3 doses, but in case of chronic constipation, according to the doctor's prescription, it can be 30-45 g per day, i.e. 6-8 teaspoons.

Nutrikon - Selenium especially recommended for persons with lipid metabolism disorders, elevated cholesterol, triglyceride levels in the blood serum and concomitant complications from the cardiovascular system. It contains spirulina, enriched with selenium, as well as a number of other plant antioxidants, their task is to neutralize excess free radicals. It is indicated for the prevention of precancerous and neoplastic diseases. It is used for overweight in a daily dose of 3-4 teaspoons, divided into 2-3 doses; take before or with meals. This amount of Nutrikone-Selenium provides up to 50% of the body's daily requirement for selenium. The duration of the course of admission is from 1 to 6 months.

Nutrikon - Plus- a product with the highest content of vitamins, especially of group B, beta-carotene, trace elements, amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its use at short intervals or directly with meals helps to reduce appetite. When using it for overweight and obesity, it is necessary to follow a low-calorie diet. It is used for overweight and obesity in an average dose of 4-6 teaspoons per day. The continuous course of use is from 1 to 6 months.

Nutrikon - Gold used in obese patients as a product with immunomodulatory and tonic properties, will help to quickly adapt to a new diet and strengthen the immune system. It is used in a dose of 15 - 20 g in 1-2 doses, in the morning. The continuous course is usually 3-4 weeks, the course should be repeated 2-3 times a year.

Nutrikon - Amber- a product of complex action, which includes grain shells of wheat, natural succinic acid, rose hips, motherwort herb. Effective with increased physical, psychological stress, after severe debilitating diseases. The product is recommended to be taken during pregnancy. Three tablespoons of Nutrikone - Amber replenish 40% of a person's daily need for PT and from 5 to 20% for vitamins, micro- and macroelements. Contains 150 mg of succinic acid, which covers the daily human need for it.

How to take Nutrikon series dietary supplements to lose weight:

1st method. Slow, gradual weight loss.

With this method, body weight is reduced within 3-6 months. To do this, it is enough to take 15 - 20 g of one of the Nutrikon products a day (divided into several doses and taken before meals). At the same time, you should adhere to a balanced diet, with a sufficient content of the necessary organic PS. This method can be recommended: - with a slight excess body weight; - in cases of weakened health, the presence of concomitant chronic diseases; - people over the age of 50, when the tendency to slow down the metabolism begins.

It is recommended to alternate between different products of the Nutrikon series, depending on one or another concomitant pathology. If overweight is accompanied by violations of the lipid spectrum of blood and / or carbohydrate metabolism, then the use of Nutrikone - Chromium, Nutrikone - Selenium is most justified. If there are diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, then Nutrikon basic, Nutrikon - Fito, Nutrikon - Green are recommended.

2nd way. Accelerated weight loss.

The method consists in combining Nutrikone with a low-calorie complete diet. The total daily calorie content of the diet is reduced, due to the exclusion, first of all, of fatty foods, sweets and high-calorie carbohydrate foods. The total calorie content of the diet should be no more than 1600 - 1800 kcal. The amount of Nutrikone per day is 20-40 g (take 10-15 g 10-20 minutes before meals or in the intervals between the main meals, as the feeling of hunger arises). A similar scheme is suitable for people who are overweight, exceeding the ideal by more than 20%. Nutrikon - Chromium is especially recommended for such people. To replenish the deficiency of B vitamins, amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, Nutrikon - Plus E is suitable.

3rd way. Application of fasting days.

Nutricon can be used in this case as follows: its daily dose, divided into 3-6 doses, should be 30-60 g per day. At each intake, Nutrikon should be washed down with a low-calorie liquid (at least 150 ml for every 5 g of Nutrikon). For this purpose, we will use decoctions and infusions of medicinal herbs, natural fruit and vegetable juices without sugar, tea or coffee with milk, low-fat kefir, as well as low-calorie drinks - Pectolact and herbal teas.

Fasting days are recommended to be carried out once a week. At the end of the fasting days, you should adhere to a dairy-plant diet for a week.

Protein - vitamin - mineral complexes "Grace" and "Energy".

Energy cocktail. The use of this product makes it possible to regulate body weight as desired. By replacing 1-2 regular meals with a cocktail, you can achieve weight loss. By consuming a cocktail in addition to the main diet in breakfast and / or dinner, thereby giving your body additional energy and nutrients, you can, on the contrary, achieve an increase in mass. It is advisable to combine the reception of cocktails with products of the Nutrikon series. It is recommended to drink the cocktail 2 times a day.

Cocktail "Grace". In addition to the properties of the Energy cocktail, regular intake of the Grace cocktail: - increases the viability of bifidum and lactobacilli, inhibits the reproduction of opportunistic bacteria; - normalizes bowel function; - facilitates the work of the liver.

It is used in a weight loss program, replacing breakfast and / or dinner, preferably in combination with the intake of Nutrikon products, thereby increasing the completeness of breakfast or dinner and achieving a greater effect of satiety.

Production of the company Apifarm LLC manufactured exclusively for the ARGO company, it is obligatory to undergo laboratory and clinical trials. The company offers a set "Recipe for Success", designed mainly for the correction of body weight. You can use both the whole complex and each drug separately, depending on the task. The set "Recipe for Success" includes: "Catalitin", "Chitolan", "Leptonik", "Argoslastin". "Catalitin"- "burn" fats ... Compound: chitosan, safflower leuzea, corn stigmas, rose hips. Promotes: Weight loss, decreased appetite, normalization of blood lipids, inhibition of atherosclerotic processes in the cardiovascular vascular system organism. "Hitolan" we remove fats. Compound: high purity crab chitosan, excipients. Promotes: binds and removes excess fats and cholesterol from the body; reduces the load on the liver; has antiulcer effect; normalizes the intestinal microflora; binds and removes toxic elements and intestinal toxins; binds and removes radioactive isotopes; stimulates the immune system; increases the body's resistance to infections; neutralizes toxic peroxide compounds. "Leptonik"- stimulates metabolic processes. Compound: propolis, chaga, pink radiola, safflower leuzea. "Argoslastin"- we regulate calories. Compound: acesulfame, aspartame, excipients ... Possesses more sweet than sugar, has zero calories and goes well with dietary supplements. It allows you to reduce the calorie content of the diet without unnecessary efforts and increase the effect of diets, sports and the use of dietary supplements.

After a 32-day course of using the "Recipe for Success": - body weight is reduced by an average of 5 kg; - blood biochemistry is normalized; - metabolism improves.

REMEMBER: Losing body weight is not a march - a full throw. Maintaining body weight within the normal range is a lifestyle !!!

COMMANDMENTS FOR CORRECTION OF BODY WEIGHT:

Remember to eat well.
Try to eat a variety of foods.
Eat small and frequent meals.
Limit fluid intake to 1.5 liters per day.
Limit your consumption of table salt.
Try not to consume sugar.
Move more.
Apply water treatments.
Take time to massage, including self-massage.
Create yourself a support group.
Maintain the achieved results.

"The serious problems we have cannot be solved at the level of thinking at which we created them." Albert Einstein

Cocktail "Energy"- Protein-vitamin-mineral complex with polyunsaturated fatty acids "Omega 3". PROPERTIES: is a source of amino acids, including essential, as well as bioavailable forms of natural vitamins and trace elements in the daily diet (including calcium, potassium and iron), especially in conditions of unbalanced nutrition; helps to reduce body weight, subject to the replacement of breakfast and / or dinner with a cocktail; helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels; does not contain animal ingredients and glucose.

APPLICATION: in complex programs for the regulation of body weight: for weight loss - instead of breakfast and / or dinner, for weight gain - in addition to the main diet;
as a vitamin and mineral complex;
in addition to the basic diet: athletes and people engaged in hard physical labor; debilitated patients as a restorative after inflammatory, infectious diseases, surgical interventions;
for the prevention of atherosclerosis, as part of a hypocholesterol diet;
for the prevention of osteoporosis;
for the prevention of cancer;
at chronic diseases the gastrointestinal tract, especially chronic intestinal diseases, accompanied by dysbiosis, constipation, liver and biliary tract diseases;
in addition to the basic diet of people engaged in hard physical labor; weakened patients, as a restorative agent after inflammatory, infectious diseases, surgical interventions; after radiation and polychemotherapy for cancer patients;

To get one serving of the finished drink, you need 2 heaped tablespoons of dry mixture (25 g) pour 200 ml of cold or warm water and mix thoroughly. When preparing a cocktail, you can use jam, berries, fruits to taste. A glass of ready-to-drink drink contains 1/3 of the daily requirement of an adult for calcium, 1/5 of the need for other trace elements and vitamins. Recommended to apply 1-2 times a day. The duration of use is not limited.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Individual intolerance to the components.

FORM OF RELEASE: Powder in a plastic can 380 g.

Cocktail "Grace" - Vitamin and mineral complex with vegetable protein and dry lactulose. PROPERTIES: replenishes the lack of protein, including essential amino acids, and also contributes to the formation and increase in muscle mass; replenishes the lack of vitamins and minerals in the daily diet; helps to reduce body weight, subject to the replacement of breakfast and / or dinner with a cocktail; is a nutrient medium for normal intestinal microflora;

Increases the viability of bifidum and lactobacilli;
normalizes bowel function, accelerates the movement of feces through the intestines;
improves the detoxification function of the liver; promotes the elimination of toxic metabolic products from the body;
replenishes the deficiency of bioavailable calcium, potassium, iron, vitamin D;
helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels;
does not contain animal ingredients and glucose.

APPLICATION: as an additional source of protein, vitamins and microelements in the main diet of adults, children, pregnant and lactating women, people suffering from chronic diseases;
in sports, especially in the programs of "bodybuilding", aerobics, shaping to improve the external parameters of the figure;
for the prevention of osteoporosis, especially in women, as well as in those taking glucocorticosteroid drugs;
as part of a hypocholesterol diet with the aim of lowering serum cholesterol levels, preventing coronary artery disease, hypertension and their complications, including repeated stroke;
with chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily chronic intestinal diseases, accompanied by dysbiosis, with constipation, diseases of the liver and biliary tract;
in addition to the basic diet of people engaged in hard physical labor; weakened patients, as a restorative agent after inflammatory, infectious diseases, surgical interventions; after radiation and polychemotherapy for cancer patients;
for the prevention of atherosclerosis, iron deficiency anemia;
for the prevention of hypokalemia (a decrease in the content of potassium in the blood serum), including against the background of diuretic therapy;
can be used by people observing religious fasts, vegetarians, patients with diabetes mellitus.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Individual intolerance to the components of the cocktail.
Note: patients with severe chronic renal and hepatic insufficiency need additional medical advice for the individual selection of the dose of the product.

FORM OF RELEASE: Powder in a plastic can 380 g.

Catalitin. COMPOSITION: Chitosan, corn silk, buckthorn bark, safflower leuzea root. Excipients: starch, calcium stearate. For the manufacture of Catalitin, chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation (at least 92%) is used, made from the chitin of the shells of the Kamchatka crab.

PROPERTIES: normalizes lipid metabolism, lowers blood cholesterol levels;
reduces the absorption of dietary fats and cholesterol in the gastrointestinal tract;
lowers blood sugar, reduces the body's need for insulin;

hypertension;

diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
As well as

1-2 tablets 3 times a day half an hour before meals; the duration of the course is 30–40 days. Recommended 2 courses per year. For the correction of body weight, it is taken as part of the “Recipe for Success” set. At the same time, Catalitin is taken in courses of 5 days with intervals of 3 days, 2 tablets 3 times a day, half an hour before meals.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Not recommended for people suffering from cholelithiasis, children under 12 years of age, pregnant and lactating women, as well as with individual intolerance to the components of the product.

RELEASE FORM: 40 tablets per pack and 100 tablets per pack.

Chitolan. COMPOSITION: Chitosan. Excipients: starch, calcium stearate. Chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation (at least 92%) is used for the manufacture of Chitolan; it is made from the chitin of the shell of the king crab. PROPERTIES: normalizes lipid metabolism, lowers blood cholesterol levels; reduces the absorption of dietary fats and cholesterol in the gastrointestinal tract;

Reduces blood sugar, reduces the body's need for insulin;
binds and removes various toxic substances: bacterial toxins, heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, etc.), radionuclides (strontium, cesium, etc.), allergens;
reduces the toxic load on the liver, reduces the reabsorption of toxins released in the intestines;
has an antioxidant effect;
has a fixing effect, suppresses putrefactive and fermentative processes in the intestine, reduces gas formation;
prebiotic action (promotes the growth of normal intestinal microflora).

APPLICATION: For prophylaxis in complex therapy:
lipid metabolism disorders, including atherosclerosis;
hypertension;
type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus;
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
allergic diseases;
food poisoning;
overweight and obesity.
As well as
when living in ecologically unfavorable regions;
when working in "harmful" industries;
to increase the general tone of the body.

1-2 tablets 3 times a day half an hour before meals; the duration of the course is 30–40 days. Recommended 2 courses per year. For the correction of body weight, it is taken as part of the “Recipe for Success” set. At the same time, Chitolan is taken continuously throughout the entire course of body weight correction, 2 tablets 3 times a day, half an hour before meals.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Chitolan is not recommended for pregnant and lactating women, as well as for people with individual intolerance to the components of the product.

RELEASE FORM: 40 tablets per pack.

Leptonist. General tonic and tonic. PROPERTIES: The flavonoids of the Leptonik dietary supplement have anti-inflammatory, capillary-strengthening, antioxidant, antispasmodic effects. Rhodiola rosea contains a number of phenolic compounds that stimulate the central and autonomic nervous system, enhance the function of the thyroid gland, and have an adaptogenic, stress-limiting, anabolic effect.

N-tyrosol, which is active in asthenia, neurasthenia, impotence, also has an adaptogenic effect.
The chromogenic complex of chaga has high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Phenol carboxylic acids of propolis have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.
Due to its composition, the Leptonik dietary supplement actively eliminates the main manifestations of adaptive stress, has a mild tonic and restorative effect.

COMPOSITION: Extracts of chaga, propolis, Safflower Leuzea roots, Rhodiola rosea roots. Excipients: lactose, glucose.

APPLICATION: with low blood pressure;
with reduced thyroid function;
as a tonic.

Adults - 1-2 tablets 3-4 times a day with meals. Duration of admission is 2-4 weeks. For the correction of biorhythms, the Leptonik dietary supplement is applied in the morning at 9-10 o'clock, once a day. If there are contraindications to the use of dietary supplements "Leptonik" for the same purpose and according to the same scheme, dietary supplements "Vazoleptin" are used.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Individual intolerance to the components, increased nervous irritability, insomnia, high blood pressure, cardiac dysfunction, severe atherosclerosis, pregnancy, breastfeeding. It is not recommended to take the product in the evening.

FORM OF RELEASE: 50 tablets weighing 500 mg in a package.

Argoslastin. Sugar substitute. PROPERTIES: The product is non-toxic and has no mutagenic or carcinogenic properties. Has zero calorie content and goes well with any dietary supplements. COMPOSITION: Acesulfame potassium and aspartame. APPLICATION: - to effectively lower blood sugar in patients with type I and II diabetes mellitus; - for the prevention of diabetes mellitus, increasing the effectiveness of low-calorie diets; - in order to correct excess body weight.

Recommendations for use - It is used as a sugar substitute.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: The presence of phenylketonuria, a rare hereditary disease.

FORM OF RELEASE: Effervescent instant tablets with pleasant sweet taste 200 pieces.

Video about the Nutricon product series:

Prospects for the formation of an ideal figure, depending on the type of physique. The main forms of health-improving physical education. Means and methods for correcting the individual physical development of a student. The mode of study and work, rest and sleep.

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Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Territory

Regional state budgetary educational institution of secondary vocational education

"Khabarovsk State Medical College"

on academic discipline OGSE.04 "Physical culture"

Correction of the physique (body weight) of a student by means of physical culture

Student of group LD-11 (2): Vysotskaya Yu.S.

Teacher: M.A. Piryazeva

Introduction

In this work, we will consider what means and methods of physical culture each student who wishes can correct and maintain their anthropometric indicators, in particular, body weight.

Prospects for the formation of an ideal figure depending on the type of physique

wellness physique physical regimen

Unlike height, body weight (weight) lends itself to significant changes, both in one direction and the other, with regular engagement in certain physical exercises or sports (with a balanced diet).

Basic body types

* asthenic (ectomorphic);

* hypersthenic (endomorphic);

* normosthenic (mesomorphic).

Slender (asthenic body type or ectomorph)

Distinctive features of people with an asthenic body type are light, fragile bones, long, thin limbs, a narrow, long chest, a relatively wide pelvis, narrow shoulders, long and thin muscles, a scanty layer of subcutaneous fat.

Recently, there are more men of the asthenic body type. Acceleration, lack of adequate physical activity, "ecological" drop in testosterone levels lead to the formation in young people of a tall, narrow-shouldered figure with undeveloped muscles and fragile ligaments, called "unisex".

The formation of an ideal figure in a man with an asthenic body type can take several years of hard work.

You need to start building your body by strengthening the ligaments (due to stretching exercises in combination with strength gymnastics) and only then start building muscle mass. To be successful, you need to resort to strength training and pay special attention to nutrition.

The workout should be hard (in terms of the complexity of the exercises and the weights used), but not long, so as not to lose the calories necessary to build muscles. Calories in men with a slender figure accumulate with difficulty, and are consumed very quickly, you need to reduce overall physical activity (running, jumping, playing sports, etc.) and try to rest more.

Stocky figure (hypersthenic or endomorph)

People with a pycnic body type are characterized by a rounded, soft shape due to a well-developed fat layer, a wide red face with soft features. People with a pycnic body type show a definite tendency towards obesity.

The main goal of fitness with a full (endomorphic) body type is to combat obesity (mind you, not overweight!), To build muscles hidden under a layer of fat and to work out muscle relief. There is something to work on: to add somewhere, to subtract somewhere.

It is necessary to adhere to a low-calorie diet; during training, perform the widest possible range of exercises and complexes with a large number of approaches and repetitions, reduce the break time between approaches, add aerobic exercises associated with increased calorie consumption to the training system (running, cycling, swimming, sports games).

Athletic figure (normostenic, or mesomorph)

An athletic body type is characterized by a wide chest and shoulders, proportional to the torso and legs, strong skeleton and muscle structure, without excess fat. Strong broad shoulders, trapezoidal body with a relatively narrow pelvis. Powerful convex muscle relief on a strong bone structure. Strong arms and legs, large hands and feet, broad shoulders, narrow hips. The legs, in comparison with the upper parts of the body and especially the hypertrophic shoulder girdle, sometimes seem thin. Strong elongated head, free strong neck with a pronounced trapezius muscle.

If you have a normal body type (athletic figure), there is no need to overload, just improve your body. To do this, you need to follow a balanced diet, the training program should be varied, combining strength training, working out the relief and aerobic exercise.

The main forms of health-improving physical education for body correction

During physical education, excess adipose tissue is consumed to generate the required amount of energy for exercise. As a consequence, there is a decrease in excess weight. An increase in body mass can also lead to an improvement in body type, but only when this is due to the growth of muscle tissue.

You can achieve a significant increase in muscle tissue by such means of physical education as weightlifting and bodybuilding. However, for most female students, this is probably not the most suitable option, since in this case the physique of the fair sex will acquire masculine features. A much more successful option for girls are classes in various types of athletics.

Each sport of this category forms certain features of the figure, which, quite possibly, will be the desired results of body correction.

When jogging, women form a correct posture and a symmetrically developed body. Correcting the physique through jumping exercises can reduce body weight, lead to strong chest development, and increase the leg-to-body ratio. When correcting the physique with the help of such a means of physical culture as gymnastics, a small body weight, long thin legs, a narrowed pelvis are achieved, which together gives a slender athletic figure. Synchronized swimming or figure skating will allow you to correct your physique through the formation of a strictly symmetrical body, correct beautiful posture, slender legs, and development of the chest.

It should also be borne in mind that the best results in correcting the physique by means of physical culture can be achieved in childhood and adolescence. During this period, the body is still developing, so unwanted body traits can be corrected quite easily. In adulthood, it is much more difficult to correct the physique, since the body has already been formed, the growth has stopped, the growth zones of the bones are already "closed" for exposure by means of physical culture. However, physique correction by reducing excess body weight (i.e., reducing excess body fat) during physical education can be carried out at any age (of course, in the absence of contraindications to physical activity)

Students can engage in physique correction not only in the classroom at an educational institution, but also in fitness clubs, as well as independently (evening and morning jogging in stadiums or parks, jumping rope, performing general developmental physical exercises at home).

According to the degree of influence on the body, all types of health-improving physical culture (depending on the structure of movements) can be divided into two groups: exercises of a cyclic and acyclic nature.

Cyclic exercises are such motor acts in which the same complete motor cycle is constantly repeated for a long time. These include walking, running, skiing, non-cycling, swimming, rowing.

In acyclic exercises, the structure of movements does not have a stereotyped cycle and changes in the course of their implementation. These include gymnastic and strength exercises, jumping, throwing, sports games, martial arts. Acyclic exercises have a predominant effect on the functions of the musculoskeletal system, as a result of which muscle strength, reaction speed, elasticity and mobility in the joints, and lability of the neuromuscular apparatus increase.

The types with the predominant use of acyclic exercises include hygienic and industrial gymnastics, classes in health and general physical fitness (GP) groups, rhythmic and athletic gymnastics, and hatha yoga gymnastics.

1) Morning hygiene exercises

Morning hygienic gymnastics contributes to a faster bringing the body into working condition after waking up, maintaining a high level of performance during the working day, improving the coordination of the neuromuscular apparatus, the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. During morning exercises and subsequent aqua procedures, the activity of skin and muscle receptors, the vestibular apparatus is activated, the excitability of the central nervous system increases, which helps to improve the functions of the musculoskeletal system and internal organs.

2) Industrial gymnastics. This type of health-improving physical education is used in various forms specifically in production. Introductory gymnastics before starting work helps to activate the nervous motor centers and increase blood circulation in the working muscle groups. It is needed especially in those types of production activities that are associated with long-term preservation of a seated working posture and the accuracy of small mechanical operations.

Physical culture breaks are organized specifically during work. The time of their implementation is determined by the phases of the configuration of the level of performance - depending on the type of activity and the contingent of workers. The physical culture pause in time must be ahead of the phase of the decrease in working capacity. By performing exercises with musical accompaniment for unused muscle groups (according to the mechanism of active rest), coordination of the activity of nerve centers, accuracy of movements are improved, the processes of memory, thinking and concentration of attention are activated, which has a beneficial effect on the results of the production process.

Industrial gymnastics for a student is the discipline "Physical culture", the attendance of which by students is very important for the reasons described above.

3) Rhythmic gymnastics.

The highlight of rhythmic gymnastics is that the pace of movements and the intensity of the exercises are set by the rhythm of the musical accompaniment. It uses a complex of different agents that affect the body. So, a series of running and jumping exercises affect more on cardiovascular system, bends and squats - on the motor apparatus, methods of relaxation and self-hypnosis - on the central nervous system. Exercises in the parterre develop muscle strength and mobility in the joints, running series - endurance, dance - plasticity, etc. Depending on the choice of the means used, rhythmic gymnastics can be more athletic, dance, psycho-regulatory or mixed. The nature of energy supply, the degree of enhancement of respiratory and circulatory functions depend on the type of exercise.

Depending on the selection of a series of exercises and the pace of movements, rhythmic gymnastics classes can have a sports or health-improving orientation. The greatest stimulation of blood circulation up to a heart rate of 180-200 beats / min can be used only in sports training by young awake people. In this case, it is largely anaerobic in nature and is accompanied by inhibition of aerobic energy supply devices and a decrease in the VO2 max. Significant stimulation of fat metabolism with this nature of energy supply does not occur; in this regard, a decrease in body weight and normalization of cholesterol metabolism, as well as the development of general endurance and performance, are not observed.

4) Athletic gymnastics.

Athletic gymnastics causes pronounced morpho-functional changes (mostly of the neuromuscular apparatus): hypertrophy of muscle fibers and an increase in the physiological diameter of the muscles; growth of muscle mass, strength and strength endurance. These configurations are mainly associated with a long increase in blood flow in the working muscle groups as a result of multiple repetitions of exercises, which improves the trophism (nutrition) of muscle tissue. It should be noted that these configurations do not contribute to an increase in the reserve capacity of the circulatory apparatus and aerobic performance of the body. Moreover, as a result of a significant increase in muscle mass, the relative characteristics of the most important functional systems deteriorate - the vital index (VC per 1 kg of body weight) and the highest oxygen consumption (BMD per 1 kg), not counting the fact that an increase in muscle mass is accompanied by an increase in the fat component, an increase in blood cholesterol and an increase in blood pressure, which creates favorable conditions for the formation of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

5) Aerobics.

Aerobics is a system of physical exercise, the energy supply of which is carried out through the use of oxygen. Aerobic exercises include only those cyclic exercises in which at least 2/3 of the muscle mass of the body is involved. To merit a positive effect, the duration of aerobic exercise must be at least 20-30 minutes, and the intensity must not be higher than the TANM level. Specifically, for cyclic exercises aimed at developing general endurance, the most important morpho-functional configurations of the circulatory and respiratory systems are characteristic: an increase in the contractile and "pumping" function of the heart, an improvement in the utilization of oxygen by the myocardium, etc. Differences in certain types of cyclic exercises associated with structural features of the motor act and the technique of its implementation, are not of fundamental importance for the merit of the preventive and health-improving effect.

6) Recreational walking.

In mass physical culture, health-improving (accelerated) walking is widely used: at an appropriate speed (up to 6.5 km / h), its intensity can reach the zone of the training regime (heart rate 120-130 beats / min).

Under these conditions, 300-400 kcal of energy is consumed per 1 hour of walking, depending on body weight (approximately 0.7 kcal / kg per 1 km of distance traveled). For example, a person with a body weight of 70 kg spends about 50 kcal when walking 1 km. At a walking speed of 6 km / h, the total energy consumption will be 300 kcal (50 * 6). With daily health-improving walking exercises (1 hour each), the total energy consumption per week will be about 2000 kcal, which provides a small (threshold) training effect - to compensate for the deficit in energy consumption and increase the body's functional capabilities. This is supported by the results of research on the greatest aerobic performance. So, after 12 weeks of training in recreational walking (1 hour 5 times a week), the subjects showed an increase in BMD by 14% compared with the initial level. But such a training effect is possible only for untrained beginners with low UEF. In more trained athletes, the health-improving effect of walking decreases, since with an increase in fitness, the intensity of overload becomes lower than the threshold. An increase in walking speed of more than 6.5 km / h is difficult, because it is accompanied by a disproportionate increase in energy consumption.

Exists a large number of complexes of general developmental and corrective physical exercises used to correct physical development. In particular, the following complex can be offered to eliminate excess body weight:

1. Walking in place for 2 minutes 2. I. p. - o.s. bend your arms in front of your chest and perform jerks to the sides while simultaneously turning the body to the left and right.

3. I. p. - o.s. stretch your arms forward (palms down). Perform swinging movements with the legs, alternately taking out the right palm with the toe of the left leg and the toe of the right leg - the left palm.

4. I. p. - o.s. stand, legs are wider than shoulders, arms along the body. Perform torso bends to the right and left, taking out the toes of the legs with your hands.

5. Perform overhead clap jumps 50-100 times.

6. Slow walking for 30-40 minutes. Brisk walking (450-500 m), jogging (500-550 m).

7. Playing basketball, volleyball, football, badminton, etc. for 15 minutes.

After class, you should take a shower and rub your body with a terry towel. The above complex can be supplemented with a visit to the pool (2 times a week) and participation in hiking trips on weekends.

Conclusion

The educational process has its side aspects: low physical activity, sedentary activity, great mental stress, regular stress. These factors can contribute to improper physical development, the folding of a disharmonious physique, physical fatigue, as a result of deviations from the norm in health indicators.

In this work, we examined the means and methods of correcting anthropometric indicators (body weight in particular) available to each student. The desired result can be achieved with the competent use of physical culture means and an individual approach when choosing the means and methods of correction.

It should be noted that along with the implementation of physical exercises, for the correction of individual physical development and motor capabilities great importance has a diet, training and labor activity, rest and sleep.

One of the main contributing factors is the student's correct motivation and volitional factor. Striving for a harmonious, healthy lifestyle.

Bibliography

1. Dvorkin, L. S. Physical education of students [Text] / L. S.

2. Dvorkin, KD Chermit, O. Yu. Davydov. - M.: Phoenix, 2008.

3. Correction of physique (body weight) of students of the medical group by means of physical culture [Text]: method. instructions / E. I. Goncharova, I. B. Biryukova. - Ukhta: USTU, 2012 .-- 18 p.

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Obesity classification

Obesity is defined as being over 25% overweight for men and over 35% overweight for women compared to ideal weight for height.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed a unified indicator for assessing body mass - body mass index (BMI). It is currently the most important criterion for obesity. BMI is an important indicator for controlling health risk factors and depends to some extent on ethnicity. The formula for calculating this index is as follows: BMI (kg / m 2) = the ratio of body weight (in kg) to height (in m 2). In many Western countries it is called the Quetelet index (Table 1).

Obesity is considered to be an excess of BMI of more than 29.9 kg / m 2 (normal limits are 18.5-25 kg / m 2), which is divided into three degrees.

Waist circumference is also an important indicator of risk for abdominal obesity. For men, it corresponds to more than 102 cm, for women - more than 88 cm.

Another risk factor for complications is the degree of weight gain throughout life. Thus, an increase in body weight after 18-20 years by more than 5 kg increases the risks of developing diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease.

The diagnosis of obesity should include not only anthropometric data, but also anamnesis of the disease, a study of the state of health, health risks, laboratory tests, and an assessment of the psychological status of patients.

Height, body weight, BMI, form of fat distribution (gynoid or android), presence of thyroid pathology, cardiovascular disease, arterial hypertension, cancer, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia should be assessed.

Obesity treatment

The goal of obesity treatment is to gradually reduce body weight to real values, as well as to prevent subsequent morbidity and mortality associated with obesity.

The goals of body weight correction:

preventing further weight gain;
decrease in body weight by 10-15% (from the initial values);
maintaining the achieved weight values for a long time;
reducing risk to improve quality and increase life expectancy.

Maintaining the achieved values of body weight is more difficult task than losing weight itself. It requires lifelong lifestyle adjustments, behavioral responses, and dietary therapy. Therefore, weight management programs should emphasize the continuity of such therapy throughout life.

The mainstay of obesity treatment is restricting caloric intake and increasing physical activity, achieving energy balance, which is part of the concept of lifestyle.

However, it should be understood that only 42% of obese patients will comply with the doctor's recommendations. For most obese patients, the target body weight loss should be up to 10-15% / year.

Treatment for overweight and obesity is a multi-step process that includes a series of studies, lifestyle changes, drug therapy and, in some cases, surgery... It should not be forgotten that drug therapy for obesity is recommended as an adjunct to lifestyle modification.

Lifestyle change

Lifestyle changes include attitudes toward your diet, physical activity, and body weight. Patients should keep a daily self-monitoring log, weigh food and assess their calorie content. Emotional control complements diet therapy and may include periods of relaxation, meditation, and others. Also, patients can participate in closed support groups (10-20 people), which are designed to create positive emotions, promote self-affirmation, and allow you to visually assess the success of other patients. The spouses should be included in the treatment process. Lack of interest in losing weight in a spouse increases the likelihood of abandoning the weight loss program.

The principles of diet therapy for overweight and obesity are based on several important rules.

Calorie restriction of food.
Significant reduction in fat intake, especially of animal origin.
The maximum reduction in food intake in the evening.
Food should be taken at least four times a day.
All dietary restrictions of the patient must apply to the entire family. There should be no products at home that are "forbidden" to the patient. You should eat slowly.

Calorie restriction

Diet restriction in obese patients can be moderate or significant, depending on the possible health risk. There are two levels of calorie restriction - a low-calorie diet (LCD; calorie intake is 800 to 1800 kcal / day), which is acceptable for most obese patients, and a specialized ultra-low-calorie diet (VLCD; food intake is 250-799 kcal / day) prescribed to patients with a high level of health risk.

Successful weight loss depends largely on adherence to a low-calorie diet, when energy expenditure per day is greater than the number of calories received from food. The use of a low-calorie diet can reduce body weight by 10%. However, only 15% of patients follow such a diet.

The NHLBI and NAASO recommend a low-calorie diet of 1000-1200 kcal / day for women and 1200-1600 kcal / day for men (as well as for women who regularly exercise or weigh less than 75 kg) as a standard.

In the presence of concomitant pathology (diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, arterial hypertension, etc.), in addition to the nutritionist, doctors of the relevant specialties should take part in the preparation of the menu. Making a menu without a dietitian is unacceptable!

Drug therapy

One of the reasons many doctors refuse to treat obesity is that they do not have in their arsenal sufficiently effective and safe means to reduce body weight. Currently, only two drugs have been approved by the FDA for long-term use: sibutramine and orlistat. At the same time, only orlistat is recommended for long-term use - safety was assessed in the XENDOS study for 4 years, and sibutramine intake is limited to 1 year of admission.

As monotherapy, any drug can reduce body weight by no more than 8-10% per year, from baseline values. However, to minimize the risks of obesity and diabetes, weight loss should be greater than 12%. This is a goal that cannot be achieved through drug monotherapy alone.

Medicines are recommended to be prescribed to obese patients only as part of a comprehensive program, which includes diet therapy, physical activity, behavior correction and diet, which accelerates the process of weight loss and is carried out under the supervision of experienced doctors (endocrinologist, therapist, family doctor).

Principles of drug therapy for overweight and obesity.

The use of drugs approved by the FDA for long-term use.
The drugs can only be used as part of a comprehensive program that includes diet and increased physical activity.
The drugs should not be used alone.
Drug therapy is indicated for patients with a BMI of 30 or higher without associated risk factors for obesity.
Drug therapy is indicated for patients with a BMI of 27 or higher with concomitant risk factors for obesity (hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, rest asphyxia).

Modern official medicine prefers drugs, the clinical efficacy of which has been proven by many multicenter, placebo-controlled and randomized studies using the principles of evidence-based medicine

Medicines, used to reduce body weight, are divided into two main groups: drugs to reduce appetite and drugs that reduce the absorption of nutrients (fats, carbohydrates, etc.) - dietary correctors. A number of other drugs are also distinguished, including trace elements, vitamins, amino acids, peptides, hormones, etc. In particular, ADA and AACE recommend the use of drugs that have passed full clinical trials and approved by the FDA.

Not all drugs are equally safe. Centrally acting drugs (noradrenergic drugs), such as phentermine, are approved by the FDA but are only recommended for short-term treatment as an adjunct to mainstream obesity treatment. There is a high risk of abuse when taking drugs based on benzfetamine or phendimetrazine.

In general, we propose to divide drugs for weight loss into several groups (Table 2). All of them allow you to change eating behavior. Effective drugs for weight loss, those are considered that reduce the original weight by at least 5% / year.

Centrally acting drugs that raise serotonin levels were previously widely used for weight loss, but have serious side effects... For example, fenfluramine was removed from the US drug market because it damaged the valvular heart. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs similar to fluoxetine have not shown long-term efficacy. Therefore, the FDA has not registered any of the noradrenergic drugs for the long-term treatment of obesity. Centrally acting drugs with amphetamine-like action, although approved for use in a number of countries, their use is significantly limited.

Sibutramine showed long-term efficacy in reducing body weight and reducing blood fat metabolism, but in some patients there was a statistically significant increase in blood pressure, increased heart rate (and therefore they could not continue taking the drug). Frequent side effects such as xerostomia, constipation, headache and insomnia, plus limited effectiveness, prevent its widespread use.

The FDA has approved the only drug to reduce fat absorption, orlistat (Xenical). This drug is a lipase inhibitor and blocks the absorption of some of the fat in food. Xenical is the most studied and safest drug for correcting body weight; it does not have a negative effect on the cardiovascular system.

Comparative characteristics of the efficacy and safety of orlistat and sibutramine are shown in Table 3.

Since July 1998, when Xenical was approved for use in Europe, 20 million patients have received orlistat worldwide. The drug is approved for use in 140 countries. In the United States, it is approved by the FDA for the treatment of obesity on April 26, 1999.

Orlistat (Xenical) is a synthesized stable substance (tetrahydrolipstatin), which is similar to the waste product of the bacteria Streptomyces toxytricini - lipstatin. Molecular mass Xenical (C 29 H 53 NO 5) is 495.74. The drug has a high lipophilicity, dissolves well in fats, and its solubility in water is very low.

The drug does not have a systemic effect, is practically not absorbed from the intestine. Xenical mixes with fat droplets in the stomach, blocks the active center of the lipase molecule, preventing the enzyme from breaking down fats (triglycerides). Due to the structural similarity of Xenical with triglycerides, the drug interacts with the active site of the enzyme - lipase, covalently binding to its serine residue. The binding is slowly reversible, but under physiological conditions, the suppressive effect of the drug during the passage through the gastrointestinal tract remains unchanged. As a result, about 30% of food triglycerides are not digested or absorbed, which allows you to create an additional calorie deficit compared to diet alone, equal to about 150-180 kcal / day. Untreated triglycerides cannot enter the bloodstream and are excreted in the feces, which creates an energy deficit and contributes to weight loss. Xenical does not affect the hydrolysis and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and phospholipids.

An orally taken dose of Xenical is almost completely (about 97%) excreted in the feces, with 83% being eliminated as an unchanged drug.

More than three quarters of patients taking Xenical and following a diet achieved a clinically significant decrease in body weight after 1 year (more than 5% of the initial body weight). When taking Xenical and following a diet after 1 or 2 years of treatment, more than 10% of the initial body weight lost twice as many patients than when following a diet and taking a placebo. It can be predicted that patients who strictly adhere to the recommendations received (as can be judged by a decrease in body weight by more than 5% in 3 months), by the end of the first year of treatment, will greatly reduce their body weight (by 14%). After the initial weight loss, patients receiving the placebo and diet regained twice as much as patients receiving the diet and Xenical.

It is preferable to prescribe Xenical to all obese patients who have an addiction to fatty foods. When analyzing the fat content in the patient's diet, one must bear in mind not only the animal, but also vegetable fat, not only overt, but also latent fats (T.G. Voznesenskaya et al.).

In addition to its weight loss mediated effects, Xenical has an additional beneficial effect on total and LDL cholesterol levels. The use of Xenical reduces the amount of free fatty acids and monoglycerides in the intestinal lumen, reduces the solubility and subsequent absorption of cholesterol, and helps to reduce hypercholesterolemia. The LDL / HDL ratio of a well-known predictor of cardiovascular risk after 1 and 2 years of treatment with Xenical significantly improved (p< 0,001 и р < 0,001 соответственно по сравнению с группой плацебо). Достоверное улучшение за 2 года лечения Ксеникалом было отмечено и со стороны апоВ- и липопротеина – двух хорошо известных сердечно-сосудистых факторов риска.

Xenical reliably reduces high blood pressure. The decrease in body weight after 1 and 2 years was accompanied by a decrease in both systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. In high-risk patients (baseline DBP 90 mm Hg), treatment with Xenical reduced it by 7.9 mm Hg. Art. by the end of the first year, while taking placebo, the decrease in DBP was 5.5 mm Hg. Art. (p = 0.06). Similar results were obtained for SBP in high-risk patients (baseline SBP 140 mmHg). At the same time, in patients receiving placebo, it decreased by 5.1 mm Hg. Art., and for those who received Xenical - by more than 10.9 mm Hg. Art. (R< 0,05). Таким образом, полученные результаты показывают, что Ксеникал в сочетании с диетой более эффективно снижает артериальное давление у больных ожирением и артериальной гипертензией, чем только диетотерапия. Снижение артериального давления уменьшает степень сердечно-сосудистого риска.

The 4-year Swedish study XENDOS, which was conducted in 3277 obese adult patients, examined the efficacy of orlistat in metabolic syndrome. It was found that about 40% of obese patients had all the signs of metabolic syndrome (NCEP ATPIII). Weight loss with orlistat led to an equivalent improvement in body weight, blood pressure, fasting glucose, blood lipids and others in 60% of obese patients who did not have metabolic syndrome.

Obese individuals are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Several studies have shown that the use of Xenical can prevent the development or slow the progression of type 2 diabetes. Among patients with initially normal oral glucose tolerance test results who received Xenical for 2 years, none developed diabetes. At the same time, over the same period in the placebo group, diabetes manifested itself in 1.5% of patients (p< 0,01). Кроме того, количество больных, у которых в ходе наблюдения развилось нарушение толерантности к глюкозе, в группе плацебо было вдвое больше (12,4%), чем в группе Ксеникала (6,2%, р < 0,01). Среди пациентов, уже исходно имевших нарушение толерантности к глюкозе, диабет за 2 года наблюдения в группе плацебо развивался более чем в 4 раза чаще, чем в группе Ксеникала (7,5% и 1,7%, р < 0.05). Положительная роль модификации образа жизни пациентов при приеме орлистата проявилась и в предотвращении манифестации СД 2 типа. Поэтому его рекомендуют применять лицам с высоким риском развития СД 2 типа наряду с препаратами акарбозы и метформином.

A retrospective analysis of 7 multicenter, double-blind studies showed that a 12-month course of treatment with orlistat plays a significant role in reducing carbohydrate tolerance, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c and fasting blood glucose (XEDIMET, Sweden). The efficacy of Xenical in combination with diet exceeds the efficacy of placebo in combination with diet in preventing the development and slowing the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Xenical significantly reduces the level of fasting glycemia. In patients with initially high fasting glycemia (more than 7.77 mmol / L), Xenical reduced it by 0.47 mmol / L, and placebo use was accompanied by an increase in glycemia by 0.36 mmol / L. A multicenter (12 centers) placebo-controlled 57-week study of orlistat, conducted in the United States on 391 patients who received hypoglycemic sulfonamides, showed a decrease in weight compared with placebo by 6.2 kg versus 4.3 kg, a decrease in waist circumference by 4.8 cm against 2.0 cm, respectively. Patients receiving orlistat achieved a significantly greater effect when using lower dosages of antihyperglycemic drugs than patients receiving placebo, which resulted in the normalization of glycated hemoglobin (- 0.28 versus + 0.18%), fasting glucose (- 0.02 versus + 0.54 mmol / l) and insulin levels (-5.2 versus + 4.3%). Similar results were obtained in a study in the USA and Canada among 503 patients with a BMI of 28–43 who received orlistat + metformin or orlistat + metformin + sulfanilamide for one year.

Taking Xenical reduces the concentration of insulin in the blood on an empty stomach. In patients at risk with hyperinsulinemia (initially 90 pmol / l), by the end of the 4-week induction phase in the group randomized for the future use of Xenical, insulin concentrations decreased by - 17.8 pmol / l, while in in the group randomized to follow-up placebo, only -9.4 pmol / L. After the start of therapy in the Xenical group, a further significant decrease in the level of insulinemia was observed, the amplitude of the difference between the groups was 19.7 pmol / l (p = 0.021). By the end of the second year, the difference became even more pronounced (30 pmol / L, p< 0,017). Таким образом, Ксеникал снижает концентрации инсулина более чем на 30%.

The safety and efficacy of orlistat was evaluated in 375 adolescents 12-16 years old, whose average age was 13.5 years, who received 120 mg of the drug 3 times a day. Placebos were given to 182 teenagers. There was a more frequent (in 27% of patients) weight loss due to visceral fat (more than 5% of the weight) in the group receiving orlistat than in the group receiving only diet and placebo (in 16% of patients), in which weight loss took place after account of bone demineralization. This allowed the FDA to approve Xenical in the United States on December 15, 2003 for adolescents in the 12-16 age group. Today it is the only one medication for the correction of body weight, approved for use in adolescents.

Orlistat is taken with every meal with water. The presence of lipases in the gastrointestinal tract is necessary for the manifestation of the Xenical effect. Since lipase secretion is stimulated by the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract, Xenical should be taken with meals. The effectiveness of Xenical is optimal when the drug is taken during or within 1 hour after a meal containing less than 30% of calories from fat. With an increase in the fat content of food, the total amount of fat removed from feces, increases. When taking orlistat, it is recommended to take multivitamin preparations (supplements).

A number of studies have found that the fat content in food is directly related to the frequency and severity of adverse events from the gastrointestinal tract with each dose of Xenical. Xenical's tolerance is inversely correlated with the amount of fat in food. When using it, there are general negative effects in the form of increased stool frequency and steatorrhea, which was noted in a three-year study among patients receiving various combinations of orlistat with antihyperglycemic drugs and a moderate diet containing about 30% fat. It should be noted that these side effects were the result of excessive fat consumption and, of course, indicate the high effectiveness of the drug. Xenical should be used with a moderately hypocaloric diet containing no more than 30% of calories in the form of fats. In this case, intestinal discomfort is usually not observed.

Xenical does not interact with alcohol. Xenical increases the bioavailability of pravastatin by 30%. When Xenical is prescribed in combination with pravastatin, the lipid-lowering effect is enhanced.

Based on the foregoing, we consider the most appropriate treatment regimen for moderate obesity or overweight:

Reducing the calorie content of food to 1200 kcal / day (for women) or 1500 kcal / day (for men), mainly due to a decrease in fat in food (up to 30%) and simple carbohydrates(products made from sugar and / and wheat flour).
Increase in physical activity (30 min / day of active movement or brisk walking daily or at least 4 times a week).
Changing the regimen of food intake (4-5 times a day in small portions up to 18-19 hours), the use of III generation sweeteners (based on aspartame, etc.).
Xenical is used to further reduce the caloric content of food against the background of a low-calorie diet and to correct lipid metabolism disorders by reducing intraintestinal lipid absorption.
Trial treatment with Xenical for 1 month at a dose of 120 mg 3 times a day with each main meal, in combination with the antidepressant fluoxetine at a dose of 20 mg 1 time per day in the morning, 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after meals.
With the effectiveness of trial treatment with Xenical (decrease in body weight by 2-4 kg / month), long-term therapy for several years with the aim of further reducing body weight (10-15% / year) and keeping it at the level of the achieved values.

For more detailed information on the use of Xenical (orlistat) for the treatment of obesity and overweight, you can visit the website www.xenical.com.ua or call the hotline: 8-800-50-454-50 (all calls are Free of charge for Ukraine).

Literature

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Prevalence of maternal obesity in an urban center / Hugh M. Ehrenberg, LeRoy Dierker, Cynthia Milluzzi et al. // Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. - 2002. - Vol. 187. -P. 1189-1193.
Bjorntorp P. Metabolic implications of body fat distribution // Diabetes Care. - 1991. - Vol. 14. - P.1132-1143.
Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults - the Evidence Report // Obes. Res. - 1998. -№6. -P.51-209.
Kissebah A.H., Freedman D.S., Peiris A.N. Health risks of obesity // Med. Clin. North. Am. - 1989. - Vol.73. - P.111-138.
Lean MEJ, Han TS, Seidell JC. Impairment of health and quality of life in people with large waist circumference. Lancet. 1998; 351: 853-856.
Bray GA. Drug treatment of obesity: Don "t throw the baby out with the bath water. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 67: 1-4.
Bray GA. Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Obesity. Newtown, Pa: Handbooks in Health Care Co; 1998.
Quesenberry CP Jr, Caan B, Jacobson A. Obesity, health services use and health care costs among members of a health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158: 466-472.
Guerciolini R. Mode of action of orlistat. Int J Obesity. 1997; 21: S12-S23.
Pedrinola F, Sztejnsznajd C, Lima N, Halpern A, Medeiros-Neto G. The addition of dexfenfluramine to fluoxetine in the treatment of obesity: a randomized clinical trial. Obesity Res 1996; 4: 549-554.
Dhurandhar NV, Atkinson RL. Comparison of serotonin agonists in combination with phentermine for treatment of obesity. FASEB J 1996; 10: A561.
Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Womble LG, Sarwer DB, Arnold ME, Steinberg CM. Effects of sibutramine plus orlistat in obese women following 1 year of treatment by sibutramine alone: a placebo-controlled trial. Obes Res 2000 Sep; 8 (6): 431-437.

Obesity- This is a chronic metabolic disorder, manifested by excessive development of adipose tissue, progressing during the natural course, a serious risk factor for the development of various diseases.

The urgency of the obesity problem lies in the fact that by 2025, 67% of the population will be overweight, which means diseases, discomfort, sexual unattractiveness, the risk of early death, etc.

The economic consequences of obesity: in developed countries, the total cost of obesity treatment is about 10% of health care costs, including direct costs of treatment - from 3 to 5%.

Obesity-related indirect costs: temporary disability, disability, decreased earnings, unemployment, decreased quality of life, premature death.

So, obesity is one of the global health problems around the world.

The main causes of obesity:

In clinical practice, it is customary to divide the degrees of obesity: - 1 degree - excess weight exceeds normal by 10-29%; - 2nd degree - by 30 - 49%; - 3 degree by 50 - 99%; - 4 degree - more than 100%.

There are two stages of the disease: progressive and stable. And here the question arises about the normal weight of a person: what should it be?

Approximately normal weight is considered to be the weight calculated by Broca's formula: height (in cm) - 100. A deviation in the direction of increase is permissible: in men by 10%, in women by 15% of body weight.

Waist circumference (an indirect indicator of the amount of visceral fat): for women - no more than 88 cm, for men - no more than 102 cm.

Body mass index (BMI) most accurately characterizes normal weight and its deviation in one direction or another. Calculated by the formula: body weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared.

BMI = body weight in kg / (height in m) squared.

Thus, BMI less than 19 occurs in people who are thin, emaciated; BMI = 20 - 25 - with normal weight; BMI = 26 - 30 - if you are overweight; note! BMI = 31 - 40 - with moderate obesity; BMI over 41 - the situation got out of control, morbid obesity was formed.

An equally important characteristic of weight is the ratio of the ratio of the waist to the hip. Values ​​are considered acceptable: for women less than 0.8, and for men less than 0.9. For people over forty years old, the following are permissible: for women - 0.85, for men - 0.95.

So what do you need to do to be both beautiful and healthy? To do this, you need to learn how to count!

If you want to lose weight, it is absolutely necessary to know the calorie content of food eaten during the day so that you can compare the amount of energy supplied and consumed. But you also need to know about how many calories we are spending.

Example: a nurse of a surgical department, height 165, weight 65 kg. Calculating BMI: 65 kg / (1.65) m squared = 23.9. Then the daily requirement for kilocalories is: 35 kcal x 65 kg = 2275 kcal, i.e. approximately 2300 kcal.

Losing weight is necessary and even necessary. But traditional approaches to correcting obesity, rigid diets and fasting do not provide effective and lasting weight loss. But how do you deal with this?

If you seriously decided to improve your health and change your life for the better, then read on.

Biologically active food additives, which are available in huge quantities in the products of the ARGO company, come to the rescue. There are health-improving products of the Nutrikon, Pectolact series, health-improving phyto-teas, protein-vitamin cocktails, and the Success bar.

It is now considered an indisputable fact that micronutrients are regulators of the centers of hunger and satiety.

How to take Nutrikon series dietary supplements to lose weight:

1st method. Slow, gradual weight loss.

2nd way. Accelerated weight loss.

3rd way. Application of fasting days.

Fasting days are recommended to be carried out once a week. At the end of the fasting days, you should adhere to a dairy-plant diet for a week.

Protein - vitamin - mineral complexes "Grace" and "Energy".

Cocktail "Grace". In addition to the properties of the Energy cocktail, regular intake of the Grace cocktail: - increases the viability of bifidum and lactobacilli, inhibits the reproduction of opportunistic bacteria; - normalizes bowel function; - facilitates the work of the liver.

It is used in a weight loss program, replacing breakfast and / or dinner, preferably in combination with the intake of Nutrikon products, thereby increasing the completeness of breakfast or dinner and achieving a greater effect of satiety.

After a 32-day course of using the "Recipe for Success": - body weight is reduced by an average of 5 kg; - blood biochemistry is normalized; - metabolism improves.

REMEMBER: Losing body weight is not a march - a full throw. Maintaining body weight within the normal range is a lifestyle !!!

COMMANDMENTS FOR CORRECTION OF BODY WEIGHT:

Remember to eat well.

Try to eat a variety of foods.

Eat small and frequent meals.

Limit fluid intake to 1.5 liters per day.

Limit your consumption of table salt.

Try not to consume sugar.

Move more.

Apply water treatments.

Take time to massage, including self-massage.

Create yourself a support group.

Maintain the achieved results.

"The serious problems we have cannot be solved at the level of thinking at which we created them." Albert Einstein

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Individual intolerance to the components.

FORM OF RELEASE: Powder in a plastic can 380 g.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Individual intolerance to the components of the cocktail. Note: patients with severe chronic renal and hepatic insufficiency need additional medical advice for the individual selection of the dose of the product.

FORM OF RELEASE: Powder in a plastic can 380 g.

Catalitin. COMPOSITION: Chitosan, corn silk, buckthorn bark, safflower leuzea root. Excipients: starch, calcium stearate. For the manufacture of Catalitin, chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation (at least 92%) is used, made from the chitin of the shells of the Kamchatka crab.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Not recommended for people suffering from cholelithiasis, children under 12 years of age, pregnant and lactating women, as well as with individual intolerance to the components of the product.

RELEASE FORM: 40 tablets per pack and 100 tablets per pack.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Chitolan is not recommended for pregnant and lactating women, as well as for people with individual intolerance to the components of the product.

RELEASE FORM: 40 tablets per pack.

COMPOSITION: Extracts of chaga, propolis, Safflower Leuzea roots, Rhodiola rosea roots. Excipients: lactose, glucose.

APPLICATION: with low blood pressure; with reduced thyroid function; as a tonic.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Individual intolerance to the components, increased nervous irritability, insomnia, high blood pressure, cardiac dysfunction, severe atherosclerosis, pregnancy, breastfeeding. It is not recommended to take the product in the evening.

FORM OF RELEASE: 50 tablets weighing 500 mg in a package.

Recommendations for use - It is used as a sugar substitute.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: The presence of phenylketonuria, a rare hereditary disease.

FORM OF RELEASE: Effervescent instant tablets with pleasant sweet taste 200 pieces.

Video about the Nutricon product series:

Prospects for the formation of an ideal figure, depending on the type of physique. The main forms of health-improving physical education. Means and methods for correcting the individual physical development of a student. The mode of study and work, rest and sleep.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Introduction

Prospects for the formation of an ideal figure depending on the type of physique

The main forms of health-improving physical education for body correction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Similar documents

Obesity classification

Obesity treatment

The goals of body weight correction:

Lifestyle change

Calorie restriction

Drug therapy

Literature

An equally important characteristic of weight is the ratio of the ratio of the waist to the hip. Values are considered acceptable: for women less than 0.8, and for men less than 0.9. For people over forty years old, the following are permissible: for women - 0.85, for men - 0.95.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Individual intolerance to the components of the cocktail.
Note: patients with severe chronic renal and hepatic insufficiency need additional medical advice for the individual selection of the dose of the product.

APPLICATION: with low blood pressure;
with reduced thyroid function;
as a tonic.