Preparing to go out into nature

During the classes:

I ... Introductory part

* Organizing time

* Control of students' knowledge:

Why is it necessary to orient the map on the ground?

How is the map oriented using the compass?

How can you orient the map along the lines of the terrain and along the directionlocal items?

How to determine the direction of your movement on the ground?

What is the essence of movement along a route along azimuths?

Practice orienting the map using the compass, the sun and the clock?

II. Main part

Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson

Explanation of the new material:§ 1.4, pp. 21-23, § 1.6, p.31-35

I ... Preparing to go out into nature

Now that you know how to navigate the terrain, determine the sides of the horizon in different ways, use the map, establish your location on the ground and on the map and choose the desired direction of movement, you need to fix all this in practice. The most affordable and effective way to acquire skills and abilities to safely stay in natural conditions can be considered the preparation and conduct of hiking trips.

The most common and affordable form of hiking is a day trip with a parent or teacher.

In order for any trip to nature to be successful, it is necessary to prepare well for it.

Let's consider one of the possible options for preparing for a one-day hike, the purpose of which will be to acquire basic skills in orientation on the ground, as one of the elements in ensuring human safety in natural conditions.

When preparing for a hike, it is necessary to take the most active part in developing a plan for a hike together with parents or a group of classmates under the guidance of a teacher, if you go on a hike as a class.

When developing a plan, you must:

discuss in detail the main goals of the hike and educational tasks that will need to be worked out during the hike;

taking this into account, choose the area of ​​the hike and determine the route of movement, bearing in mind the attractiveness of the trip and the feasibility of the tasks being worked out;

Determining the area of ​​travel, it is necessary to study it in detail. Then develop a route, which will require a large-scale map of the selected area. The starting and ending points of the route and the main landmarks through which the route will pass are set. It is better to take turns on the route at characteristic, easily recognizable landmarks. (The distance between the landmarks should not exceed 2 km). After that, it is necessary to calculate the movement along the route. Calculations are made on a card or in a special table.

To practice the skills of orientation on the terrain, four training points can be included in the plan of a one-day trip according to the stages of the route: the starting point of the route; point at landmark number 1; point at landmark number 2; the end point of the route.

Learning tasks can be divided as follows:

1. At the starting point of the route, the orientation of the map is practiced, they establish their location on the ground and on the map, and the direction of movement of the group along the route is determined.

2. At landmark No. 1, training is carried out in determining the sides of the horizon by the sun and hours and by signs of local objects and the direction of further movement is determined.

3. On the segment at landmark No. 2 to the end point of the route, they work out determining the direction of movement and going to the end point of the route without a compass.

4. At the final point of the route, bivouacking works (making a fire, preparing food on the fire) and other tourist work.

5. On the way back, they reinforce their skills in orienteering on the terrain.

In preparation for the campaign, its participants collect the necessary equipment for the group, depending on the educational tasks and weather conditions, food, clothing for the season; train in the correct packing of the backpack: determine the ways of getting to the starting point of the route (on foot or by certain types of transport, depending on the living conditions).

II ... Determination of the required equipment for the hike.

Preparing to go outdoors for active recreationrequires not only determining the place and purpose of the hike, developingboot the route and study the area of ​​the hike, but also thoughtfullyth selection and preparation of tourist equipment. Choosing thatRisto equipment depends on the type and characteristics of the hike(hiking, water, cycling, one-day or multi-dayny, etc.), depending on the season and weather.

All camping equipment can be divided into personal,group and special.

The tourist's personal equipment is clothes and shoes, sleepingnickname and washing supplies, personal dishes and a backpack. Group equipment includes tents, cooking utensils, axes, maps, charts, compass and other items.collective use. Special equipment isitems of both group and personal use, which areare divided by the peculiarities of the tour: means of transportationtourists (bicycles, boats, skis); safety equipment (ropes, life jackets), etc.power.

Camping equipment must meet a number of general requirementsproducts: to be reliable, durable, comfortable and lightweight. Weightgroup equipment on a hike should not exceed5 kg per person.

Depending on the weather conditions, the clothes of tourists maycan be different. So, the clothes of a tourist on a summer hike canconsist of a set of underwear, trousers made of thick woolen or cotton fabric (jeans), a cowboy shirt. In case of heat, you should take shorts, a T-shirt and a bathing suitny suit (swimming trunks); in case of bad weather - stormysuit and cape. A hat is usually used as a headdress.made of light material with a large visor. In areas wherea lot of mosquitoes or midges, you need a mosquito net. Ifsummer is cool, you need a woolen sweater. For the coldNoisy weather requires a light knitted hat.

For a mountain hike in the summer, in addition to walkingnumerically, tourists take a second sweater, mittens from a thincanvas fabric, one or two pairs of woolen socks. Instead ofordinary trousers in the mountains, tourists often wear special disputesTight suits combined with thick woolen leggingsmi. For protection from strong winds and cold, in addition tostorm suit use a light jacket made of densenylon.

It should be noted that the tourist's clothes and footwear forvarious types of trips (hiking, water, cycling,ski) have certain differences. So, on a hiketourists put on light boots with grooved soles; sneakers serve as replaceable shoes. For hiking in the mountainsmountain boots are used. The tourist's clothing setthe water worker additionally includes cotton gloves for workpaddles and life jacket.

On a ski trip, you must have an additionala set of warm clothes. Storm suit size dolwives to be one or two numbers larger than usual, which allowsYou should not wear it over warm clothing. To protect hands withoutrue woolen gloves, tarpaulin and fur mittens,which are used separately or in various combinationsdepending on air temperature, wind strength and charactertera of the work performed.

The main tourist shoes in ski trips are ski boots.teens in combination with shoe covers (shoe covers - cloth Czechski boots worn during skiingshields them from snow and moisture).

Shoes designed for hiking, alpine, water and skiinghikes should be one more number than usual,complete with felt insoles and well worn.

To keep your camping equipment in good working ordercondition requires constant care. Care of the projectilelife on the way consists in its periodic inspection, thoseshrubby repair and drying.

In the period between trips, the tourist equipment is put in order and repaired. It is important to properly store sleepElasticity: skis - in struts, dry and protected fromsun place; shoes - oiled, stuffed tightnewsprint; woolen clothes - folded in polyesterlinen, securely closed covers (to avoid damagetheir moths).

A necessary accessory for the tourist's equipment isThere is a first aid kit, which is completed taking into account the size of the group, the complexity of the trip, the distance of the route from settlements and the season. Into a typical first aid kitmay include: sterile bandages (narrow and wide) from the combthat two packs per person, bactericidal and regular leukoplaster, thermometer, rubber tourniquet, scissors, tweezers, pipette, sterile cotton wool, iodine tincture, medical alcohol,potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate), hydrogen peroxide,brilliant green solution (brilliant green), a set of antipyretic, analgesic and drugs used for food poisoning with a description of their dosage andways to use them. The first aid kit fits into a rigidpackaging excluding damage to the thermometer, ampoules,bottles, as well as protecting it from water and snow. Ukyou need to put the first aid kit into the backpack so as to ensure it

safety and the ability to easily get it in case of needavailability.

When preparing equipment for a hike, you must take into accountone rule: every tourist should have matches. Besides thatth, two or three carefully packed box of matches are taken in kaas a group emergency reserve.

In conclusion, we note that tourist equipment, whichthe swarm has not been tested in the hike, it is necessary to check in the conditionsviyah close to marching.

III ... Securing the material:

Why do you need to prepare for a trip to nature and what does it include?

How do you choose a route for a hike and determine its main stages?

What items does personal, group and special equipment include?

What factors determine the selection of items of tourist equipment?

How should you choose shoes and clothes for going out into the countryside?

IV ... Lesson summary

V . Homework: § 1.4, 1.6, pp. 21-23, 31-35, questions and tasks on pages 23 and 35

Preparing to leave on nature

Discussion of the hike

The most common and affordable form of hiking is a day trip with a parent or teacher.

When developing a plan, it is necessary to discuss in detail the main goals of the hike and the training tasks that will need to be worked out on the hike. Taking this into account, choose the area of ​​the hike and determine the route of movement. At

It is necessary to keep in mind the attractiveness of the trip and the feasibility of the tasks being completed. The main thing is that during the hike you get to know the natural environment better and get satisfaction from communicating with it.

Determining the area of ​​travel, it is necessary to study it in detail. Then develop a route,

which will require a large-scale map of the selected area. The initial

and the end point of the route

and the main landmarks through which the route will pass. It is better to take turns on the route at characteristic, easily recognizable landmarks. (The distance between the landmarks should not exceed 2 km.) After that, it is necessary to calculate the movement along the route. Calculations are made out on a card or in a special table.

Route selection

Practicing orientation skills

1. At the starting point of the route, the orientation of the map is practiced, they establish their location on the ground and on the map, and the direction of movement of the group along the route is determined.

2. At landmark # 1, training is conducted in determining the sides of the horizon by the sun and hours and by signs of local objects and the direction of further movement is determined.

H. On the segment from landmark No. 2 to the end point of the route, they work out determining the direction of movement and going to the end point of the route without a compass.

4. At the final point of the route, bivouacking works (making a fire, preparing food on the fire) and other tourist work.

5. On the way back, they reinforce their skills in orienteering on the terrain.

GETTING TO HIKE

When preparing for the campaign, its participants:

• collect the necessary

equipment for the group, depending on educational tasks and weather conditions, food, clothing for the season;

• train in the right

packing a backpack;

• determine the ways to exit to the starting point of the route

(on foot or by certain types of transport, depending on

on living conditions).

Questions and tasks

1. Why do you need to prepare for a trip to nature and what does it include?

2. How is the study of the area of ​​the hike carried out and what is the main focus of this?

H. How do you choose a route for a hike and determine its main stages?

4. What organizational issues should the participants of the trip decide in preparation for it?

5. On a large scale topographic map (1: 500,000 or

1: 250,000) study the area of ​​the proposed hike. Determine the starting and ending points of the hike and the reference points between them.

WikiHow works like a wiki, which means that many of our articles are written by multiple authors. To create this article, 25 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time.

A hiking trip to nature can be a wonderful adventure, an ordeal, or just a fun activity. But if you try a little and plan everything carefully, under the experienced guidance, such an event can become absolutely unforgettable.

Steps

Acquire the basic skills required for the hike. Reading about them will not be enough. To find out about the opinions and experiences of others, ask knowledgeable tourists. If you are new to nature hiking, consider joining a group of seasoned hikers or trekking organizers and ask them for help. In order to know how to behave if something goes wrong, you will need to learn the following skills:

• How to light a fire
• How to send a smoke signal
• How to pitch a tent
• How to use the compass

1. Please contact in advance to obtain the required permits and licenses. Some of the popular hiking spots require a special permit to visit. You may need a fishing license to fish for trout. And if you are not renting a cabin at the end of the tourist route, consider yourself very unlucky.

   Learn to read the map and use the compass and GPS navigator correctly. Get a good compass and a map of the area you intend to dive into, and study the area thoroughly before the event to know roughly what awaits you. Get in the habit of looking around and checking the map during your hike so you always know where you are. Try to remember the area near the trail, the most noticeable landmarks, and make notes about them on the map. If the card is not waterproof, place it in a clean plastic bag and seal it. This may mean you have to cut the card into pieces and place each piece in a separate bag, but this will help keep it dry and clean. When it comes to using a compass, for example, Silva compasses usually come with a brochure with detailed instructions on how to use it.

   Study the information about the area where you live and where you are going. This can be extremely important if you are going to an area that is very different from your native one. Find out what weather conditions to expect, what animals (for example, bears) and vegetation you may encounter, conditions and terrain, and possible dangers. A high quality travel guide can also come in handy. If possible, ask your local guide to tell you what to prepare for. Of course, what an adventure it is without meeting the unknown, but it's better to plan everything than to get a bad experience from the hike, be in serious danger or even die.

   Tell someone about your planned itinerary. Before going on a hike, make sure someone close to you knows about your trip. If something happens to you, and you do not return on time, this person will be able to notify the necessary government service, give them information about your possible whereabouts, and the like.

   Be picky about your travel companions. If a group includes people who don't get along well with each other, problems can arise. If you have little experience, find tourists who can help you. You need to like each other. Choose travel companions who are in the same or better physical shape with you. It will be very good if all members of the group have similar interests in the hike - for example, the desire to learn about the diversity of species of local birds, take pictures of nature, climb rocks, and so on. Don't join random groups with people you don't know or who come across as someone who doesn't understand what they're doing. Later, such travel companions can become a big burden.

   Dress appropriately for the weather and environment. Air temperature and weather can vary widely, be prepared for different conditions. Learn to dress warmly in case it gets cold or to protect yourself from the heat.

   Pack your backpack wisely. Choose things that take up little space. Items that need to be pulled out quickly should be in the outer pockets. Place heavier items in the lower compartment of your backpack and lighter items in the upper compartment. When packing things in plastic bags, try to shrink the items that can be wrinkled as much as possible so that they take up less space. This is a very useful skill because each backpack has a different capacity.

   Try to get used to your backpack. It’s not very good if after two days of wandering in the wilderness, you find that you are not able to lift your own backpack. Try walking for several hours each day with a fully loaded backpack, and try to walk this way as often as possible. If the backpack seems too heavy and cumbersome for you while you are still with it in the center of civilization, then it will be completely impossible to carry it in nature. And don't try to carry more than 30% of your own weight on your back - although even 30% can be too much.

   Think about where you will get water. Do not assume that you can drink any water without consulting an expert, even in the crystal clear water of a mountain spring, pathogenic bacteria can be found. Water may not be drinkable or available at all. Rivers, streams and springs can dry up during the hot season. In some dry regions, for example, in the desert, you will have to take all the water you need with you. Remember that a liter of water weighs one kilogram. You may also need a water filter.

   Purify the water. Usually, water from a dubious source can be treated reasonably well with a pump filter or chemicals such as iodine or chlorine dioxide, which can be bought online or at any camping equipment store. These chemicals can also be used to disinfect wounds, insect bites, or scratches.

   Take your first aid kit with you. Its composition depends on where you are going on a hike and how long you will stay there. But the basic set of medicines should include:

   • Dressings, both gauze bandages and elastic (from dislocations and sprains)
   • Sunscreen
   • Analgesics (ibuprofen and the like)
   • Tweezers
   • Germicidal cream
   • Diarrhea medicine
   • Plasters
   • Foot care products: sports tapes (plasters), exhaust plasters, corn (moleskin) plasters and so on.
   • Anything else you need, such as an asthma inhaler.

2. Think about light sources. Always take a headlamp or flashlight with you with spare batteries and bulbs if they can be replaced. There are mechanical flashlights that do not require batteries, but they may not always provide the required light intensity. You may need a light fixture or LED torch to create natural light.

   Travel with your friends. Even if you are an experienced tourist, it is much safer to travel as a couple or in a group. Make sure that at least one person in your group has the necessary experience, skills, and common sense to keep the entire group safe.

   Explore your tents. When trekking, you will need a lightweight yet sturdy shelter that is appropriate for the terrain and time of year, and is relatively easy to handle. Self-expanding tents are very popular with beginners, but try to choose a tent that suits your needs. Try assembling your tent before going outdoors so you know how to set it up, check for defects, and replace missing parts if necessary. Always carry a tent repair kit with you. Whenever possible, try not to pack up your tent when it gets wet. If necessary, do not forget to dry the tent as soon as possible.

   Prepare your sleeping supplies. A common way to stay warm at night is to use a sleeping bag. Make sure that the temperature range of the sleeping bag is appropriate for the area where you are going, because you do not want to freeze at night or, conversely, suffer from the heat. Buy a bag to compact your sleeping bag to reduce its bulk. You may also want to purchase a sleeping bag cover to keep the bag in good condition. You may also need a pillow for sleeping - inflatable or self-inflating. All of the above refers to the heaviest and most voluminous things in your luggage, so choose them carefully. A level zero bag should not weigh more than one and a half kilograms. Sleeping pillow - no more than a kilogram. Putting them together and adding weights, we get a rather weighty two and a half kilograms. Try to find equipment that is as lightweight as possible.

   Pay attention to your shoes. In the event of a leg injury, a trip to nature in one moment can turn into a disaster. Choose comfortable, sturdy footwear that matches the terrain. Hiking boots are best. Athletic hiking shoes or sandals are also good options. Try to spread your shoes before the start of the hike, because even a banal callus there can cause great inconvenience. A very important detail is the socks: make sure they are soft enough and bring enough so that you can change them to prevent infection. If your feet are rubbed during the hike (the chafing area starts to hurt a little), stop and take the necessary measures right away. This way you can avoid many problems in the future.

   Think about food. When hiking in nature, you need foods that are low in weight, high in calories, and suitable for long-term storage. Avoid bringing fragile foods with you, or those that require refrigeration. Most travel shops and websites offer a wide range of freeze-dried or ready-to-eat foods that are easy to reheat. You can also buy army rations. In general, grocery stores offer products suitable for taking on a hike. Make sure to take more food than you need, in addition to snacks and two to three meals a day. In areas where many bears live, you will need a special food container that the bears cannot open, but you will need to set it up correctly.

   Consider cooking. What will you use to heat food and drinks, if you intend to do so? Campfires or grilling are allowed in some places. However, in other areas, open fires may not be allowed or there may not be enough wood. A lightweight camping stove can be a good way out and cook food faster than a campfire, especially in bad weather. Remember that you will need cooking utensils as well as cutlery. The easiest cooking option is usually to boil water for freeze-dried food. More thorough cooking (frying, boiling, mixing different ingredients for one dish) requires less specialized but heavier cooking utensils. All kitchen utensils should not weigh more than one and a half kilograms. For example, an ultralight tile weighs from one hundred to two hundred grams, an ultralight pot - two hundred grams. The latest tile models tend to be fuel-efficient, which will also help you save weight once you figure out how much fuel you need. It depends on the menu, altitude and air temperature.

   Use fire wisely. A campfire can be extremely convenient and may even save your life. But bonfire is also one of the main causes of injury in tourist camps. Be sure to know the basic rules for making fires and safety rules.

   • Be prepared to start a fire in two ways: with waterproof matches or a lighter.
   • If there is a designated place for a fire, use it.
   • Always be prepared to instantly put out a fire if it gets out of hand.
   • Never leave a smoldering fire.
   • If it is prohibited by local regulations to light open fires, respect those regulations.
   • Do not burn plastic.
   • Never set up tents close to a fire, they are highly flammable and melt!

3. Practice good hygiene. You should be able to wash your utensils and hands before cooking. You may also need plastic bags (resealable bags are best) for any waste that needs packaging (such as food wrappers or dog feces).

   Go to the toilet properly in nature. Try to dispose of the waste of your own body as it should: at some distance from the camp in a relatively secluded place, dig a hole about thirty centimeters deep. This will be the toilet. Food waste can also go to this pit. Menstruating women should be very careful when using their utensils to avoid burying pads and plastic tampon applicators in the pit. Subsequently, the pit is covered with soil and stones. This arrangement of the toilet protects the environment and water sources from pollution, as well as protects other tourists from the risk of engaging in something very nasty. Keep in mind that some areas do not allow such "cat pits" and you will have to carry your own waste in special sealed plastic bags filled with cat litter and other chemicals.

   Travel wisely. This is hiking, not jogging. Go slower if you think you need to save energy; The main rule of regulating your walking speed is that you should be able to hold a conversation while you are walking. Take a break every hour or so, or after difficult sections of the path.

4. Advice
   • If possible, start camp at least an hour before sunset. Setting up parking in the dark can become a much more difficult task.
   • An antiperspirant deodorant applied to your feet will help prevent calluses.
   • Always be prepared to turn back if bad weather, injury or any other trouble threatens your hike. Your goal is the journey itself, not some final destination on the hike. If you make bad decisions because of stubbornness, nothing good will come of it.
   • Take with you spare things for everything you can: objects tend to break and get lost, light bulbs burn out, and shoe laces can break.
   • A rope will always come in handy on a hike. The polypropylene rope is very light and strong and can be used as a clothesline to strengthen the tent from the wind, to pull a person out of the pit, to cross the river; to help drag the backpack over the rock ledge, and to hang supplies that need to be kept out of the way of the animals.
   • You can buy camping tiles that run on solid fuel blocks and fit in your pocket. Such a device can be your savior in those minutes when everything around is too wet to make a fire, and you urgently need a hot drink.

   Warnings

   • Do not scatter food around the camp. She can attract animals, and then you will face many problems, trying to drive them away from the parking lot. For North America, this rule is very relevant for those places where bears live.
   • Rechargeable batteries for equipment at night in the cold drain very quickly, for example, if you leave them in a backpack. Put your GPS navigator, camera, all other equipment in a light bag with ties and put it in your sleeping bag, at your feet. The batteries will be kept warm there and will not discharge as quickly.
   • Never eat unfamiliar plants and mushrooms.
   • Animals that are normally shy and tend to get out of sight more quickly, like bears or moose, can suddenly become very aggressive if the mother animal feels threatened by her offspring.
   • Don't feed wild animals, no matter how “cute” they might seem to you. It is unsafe, the beast can hurt you, and you can give it the courage to visit other tourist sites.

   What do you need

   • Nature
   • Rigid frame backpack
   • Shoes suitable for hiking
   • Socks
   • Tent: repair kit, rain cover, mosquito net, slats, pegs and ropes from the tent.
   • Suitable clothing (T-shirts, pants, raincoat, hat, underwear, jacket, gloves ...)
   • Sleeping bag and pillow
   • First aid kit
   • Sunscreen
   • Insect repellent
   • Matches and lighter
   • Sunglasses
   • Hatchet or cleaver
   • Camping knife (folding or sheathed)
   • Head scarf (bandana)
   • Lightweight Camping Tile
   • Products
   • Water bottle
   • Light bowler hat
   • Toiletries (biodegradable soap, deodorant, comb / brush, feminine hygiene products, etc.)
   • Plastic bags
   • Duct tape
   • Toilet paper
   • Cell phone (Whether or not you will have a reception - such things cannot be known in advance!)
   • Camera
   • Compass, GPS navigator, map
   • Guide
   • Leisure facilities: cards, Frisbee disc, fishing tackle, swimwear, paperback novel.

| Lesson plan for the academic year | Preparing to go out into nature

Basics of life safety
6th grade

Lesson 4
Preparing to go out into nature

Now that you know how to navigate the terrain, determine the sides of the horizon in different ways, use the map, establish your location on the ground and on the map and choose the desired direction of movement, you need to fix all this in practice. The most affordable and effective way to acquire skills and abilities to safely stay in natural conditions can be considered the preparation and conduct of hiking trips.

The most common and affordable form of hiking is a day trip with a parent or teacher.

In order for any exit to nature to be successful, it is necessary to prepare well for it..

We will consider one of the possible options for preparing for a one-day hike, the purpose of which will be to acquire basic skills in orienteering as one of the elements in ensuring human safety in natural conditions.

When preparing for a hike you need to take the most active part in developing his plan with your parents or with a group of classmates under the guidance of a teacher if you go on a hike in class.

When developing a plan it is necessary to discuss in detail the main goals of the hike and the educational tasks that will need to be worked out in the hike. Taking this into account, choose the area of ​​the hike and determine the route of movement. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind the attractiveness of the trip and the feasibility of the tasks being completed. The main thing is that during the hike you get to know the natural environment better and get satisfaction from communicating with it.

Determining the area of ​​travel, you need to study it in detail. Then develop a route, which will require a large-scale map of the selected area. The starting and ending points of the route and the main landmarks through which the route will pass are set. It is better to take turns on the route at characteristic, easily recognizable landmarks. (The distance between the landmarks should not exceed 2 km.) After that, it is necessary to calculate the movement along the route. Calculations are made on a card or in a special table.

To practice the skills of orientation on the terrain, four training points can be included in the plan of a one-day hike according to the stages of the route: the starting point of the route, the point at the landmark number 1; point at landmark number 2, the end point of the route.

Learning tasks can be divided as follows:

1. At the starting point of the route, they work out the orientation of the map, establish their location on the ground and on the map, determine the direction of movement of the group along the route.
2. At landmark number 1, training is carried out in determining the sides of the horizon by the sun and hours and by signs of local objects and the direction of further movement is determined.
3. On the segment from landmark No. 2 to the end point of the route, the determination of the direction of movement and the exit to the end point of the route without a compass are practiced.
4. At the final point of the route, bivouacking works are performed (a fire is made, food is cooked on a fire) and other tourist work.
5. On the way back, they reinforce their skills in orienteering on the terrain.

In preparation for the campaign, its participants collect the necessary equipment for the group, depending on the educational tasks and weather conditions, food, clothing for the season; train in the correct packing of the backpack; determine the ways to exit to the starting point of the route (on foot or by certain types of transport, depending on the living conditions).

Check yourself

■ What is nature preparation for and what does it include?
■ How is the trekking area explored and what is the focus?
■ How do you select a route for a hike and determine its main stages?
■ What organizational issues should the participants of the hike decide in preparation for it?

After lessons

On a large scale topographic map (1: 500000 or 1: 250000), study the area of ​​the proposed hike. Determine the starting and ending points of the hike and the reference points between them.

Before trekking with friends on the map, complete the necessary route calculations and outline the training tasks with the hike leader. Fill out the results in the form of a table in the safety diary.

• Introduction

• Classification of juvenile crimes

• Hooliganism and vandalism

4. Conclusion

OBZH teacher

Kovalev Alexander Prokofievich

Secondary school number 2

Mozdok

It is advisable to start preparation by studying the area of ​​the hike, choosing the end point of the hike (a picturesque place, lake, river bank, forest glade, etc.) and determining the route of movement.

The area of ​​travel should be familiar, since the purpose of the trip is not to discover "new lands", but to practice skills of behavior in natural conditions.

To choose the end point of the route, you must be guided by three main criteria:

• piece of terrain, chosen as the end point of the trip, must be suitable for a big halt (organizing the preparation of lunch and rest for tourists, as well as practicing tourist skills in setting up a tent, making a fire, overcoming obstacles on the ground, etc.);

• daylight hours calculation should be sufficient to return to the starting point with a reserve of at least 1 hour.
• distance to the selected point on the terrain should be no more than 10 km in one direction;

Date, day of the week in May 2014

Sunrise

Sunset

Longitude of the day

Determining the optimal time for gathering a group and going on a hike . The calculation must be made from the determination of the time of return to the place of collection + 1 hour of reserve time.

Determination of the time spent on the hike, taking into account the tasks to be solved: time in motion to the place of the big halt up to three running hours and 3 hours to return to the starting point of the route; 4 hours stay at a big rest. Total 10 hours of time for a hike.

If you may have to get to the starting point of the route by any type of transport (bus, train), then you also need to provide time for this. Let's say it will be 1.5 hours.Therefore, there and back 3 hours.

Thus, the trip itself takes 10 hours, the time before arriving at the starting point of the route and returning to the place of collection is 3 hours + 1 hour of reserve time.

As a result, we get 14 hours. If we assume that the time of returning to the place of gathering falls on 22 hours (10 hours in the evening), then it means that the time for collecting for going on a hike falls on 8 (22-14) in the morning. The meeting place is determined by the teacher. This could be a school, a bus stop, or a local ticket office.

Having determined the temporary possibilities of the group, they outline the end point of the hike, study the area of ​​travel and plot the route

After determining the final section (lake, river bank, picturesque forest glade, etc.), you must choose route of movement, taking into account the terrain . It is chosen so that it has a minimum number of turns. Route turning points are marked at characteristic, easily recognizable landmarks. The distance between landmarks should not exceed 2 km.

Having chosen the starting and ending points of the route, having outlined control landmarks, the order of movement along the route is calculated.

Depending on the educational tasks in the group, you can have one tent, campfire equipment (taganok in a cover, saw in a cover, large and small axes in covers, matches in waterproof packaging), kitchen equipment, route documents and equipment (route map - 2 copies ., compass - 2 pcs., group money, repair kit, first aid kit).

A sample list of personal equipment for a day trip:

• a large backpack with wide straps and a waist belt;
• spare shoes (sneakers);
• jacket with a hood (wind jacket);
• light headdress (hat);
• two pairs of socks;
• polyethylene rain cover;
• mug, spoon, bowl, folding knife;
• flask for drinking water.

A properly selected set of personal equipment should not exceed 6-8 kg in weight.

Next, you need to practice in the correct packing of the backpack and in determining the sides of the horizon by the sun and hours. This method gives satisfactory results in winter. In summer, especially in southern latitudes, errors can reach more than 25 0.

To determine the sides of the horizon by the sun and the clock, the wristwatch is held horizontally (Fig. 1). The hour hand is directed towards the sun. The angle between the hour hand and number 12 (if the clock is set according to local time), or number 1 (if the clock is set according to standard time, period October - April), or number 2 (if the clock is set according to summer time, period April - October) divided in half. The bisector of the angle formed between the hour hand and the numbers 12, 1, 2, respectively, will show the north-south direction (south will be in the direction of the sun

Determination of the direction of movement and its maintenance. To solve this issue, it is necessary to recall the concepts of magnetic and true azimuths and the procedure for their determination.

Azimuth – it is the angle, counted clockwise, between the directions to the north and to the landmark. Azimuth is measured in degrees from 0 to 360 0.

If the geographic meridian is taken as the initial direction, the azimuth is called true; if the magnetic meridian is taken as the initial direction (the direction of the magnetic needle of the compass is north-south), the azimuth is called magnetic

A compass is used to determine the magnetic meridian. The true meridian is taken from a topographic map. To switch from the true meridian to the magnetic one, you need to know the value of the magnetic declination, which is indicated on the map. In places where there are no magnetic anomalies, the magnetic meridian and the true one have a declination of 2-3 0, which is of no practical importance for our movement in azimuth.

When preparing for a campaign on the map, it is necessary to plot a route of movement, determine control landmarks and their true azimuths (taken from the map).

To maintain the direction of movement on the ground along the calculated azimuths, you must:

1. go to the starting point of movement, from which the azimuth to the first control landmark is calculated on the map;

2. Determine the magnetic bearing of the movement using a compass; to do this, you need to turn the compass in the horizontal plane so that the northern end of the arrow is set against the zero division of the scale; without changing the position of the compass, notice on the terrain along the line of sight through the rear sight and front sight some distant object.

The direction to it will be the direction corresponding to the given azimuth.

The hike starts with constructing , during which the readiness for the hike is checked (how the tourists are dressed and shod). When examining backpacks, you should check if any equipment or food has been forgotten. Then you should remember the rules of conduct, route features, approximate return time. After the clothes, shoes, backpacks are checked, the group follows the established order to the starting point of the route.

After the arrival of the group at the final destination of the hike, big halt . When you stop, one or two people go to fetch water, one to the formation of a campfire, and the rest go to fetch fuel. Then a fire is kindled.

After the water and wood have been brought and the fire is kindled, the attendants remain near it, who watch the fire and prepare food. The rest are resting.

During the lunch break, you can dry clothes and personal equipment, practice choosing a site and setting up a tent. The duration of the lunch break should be about 4 hours After lunch (rest), the group prepares for the hike to the starting point of the route.

Group fees start by packing the backpacks and cleaning up the camp site. All garbage is carefully collected and burned. Empty cans of canned food are burned in a fire and buried in the ground, after which they rake and extinguish the fire.

You need to go on a hike only with an adult leader.

A beginner tourist should learn to use a compass well, know an approximate list of personal equipment, and be able to pack a backpack.

A big break is organized after the arrival of the group at the final destination of the hike.

Movement along the route in the opposite direction is carried out in compliance with the same rules as when moving to the place of a large halt

The most accessible and effective form of preparation for a person's autonomous stay in the natural environment is active tourism .

Active tourism is characterized by the fact that tourists move along the route due to their own physical efforts and carry all their load with them, including food and equipment.

The main goal of active tourism is active recreation in natural conditions, recovery and health promotion.

Homework

§ 9.4 pp. 166-168