In a healthy person, all basic blood values should be normal, any deviation is a sign of the development of pathological processes. Anemia is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells and low hemoglobin, the causes of the disease are congenital or acquired, often the disease occurs due to improper diet.
Due to the contraction of red cells, anemia is called anemia.
Anemia - what is it?
- a disease that manifests itself as a significant decrease in hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells. The ICD-10 disease code is D50 – D89.
Anemia is not the main disease, pathology always develops against the background of malfunctions internal organs and systems.
Classification of anemia
Since there are many reasons for the development of anemia, they manifest themselves in different symptoms, each form requires special drug therapy, the disease is classified according to certain indicators.
In any form of anemia, hemoglobin values are always below the permissible limits, and the number of erythrocytes may be normal or decrease.
By color indicator
Color index- the level of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin. To calculate the erythrocyte index of hemoglobin, multiply by 3, divide by an integer number of erythrocytes.
Classification:
With normochromic anemia, the indicators only sometimes go beyond the permissible limits.
- hypochromic- color index up to 0.8 units;
- normochromic- color index 0.6–1.05 units;
- hyperchromic- the value of the color index exceeds 1.05 units.
The diameter of erythrocytes is 7.2–8 microns. An increase in size is a sign of vitamin B-9, B-12 deficiency, a decrease indicates a lack of iron.
By the ability of the bone marrow to regenerate
The process of creating new cells occurs in the tissues of the main organ of the hematopoietic system, the main indicator of the normal functioning of the body is the presence in the blood of the required number of reticulocytes, primary red cells, the rate of their formation is called erythropoiesis.
Classification:
- regenerative - the number of reticulocytes is 0.5–2%, the rate of regeneration is normal;
- hyporegenerative - there is a decrease in regenerative functions, the number of reticulocytes is 0.5%;
- hyperregenerative - an accelerated process of restoration of bone marrow tissues, reticulocytes in the blood of more than 2%;
- aplastic - reticulocytes are absent, or their value does not exceed 0.2%.
It takes 2-3 hours to synthesize new red blood cells.
By the mechanism of development of pathology
Anemia occurs as a result of severe blood loss, a violation of the formation of red blood cells or their rapid violation, according to the mechanism of development, the disease is divided into several categories.
Kinds:
- anemia due to severe blood loss, chronic bleeding;
- iron deficiency, renal, B12 and folic form, aplastic - these types of the disease arise due to problems in the process of hematopoiesis;
- with some autoimmune abnormalities, against the background of poor heredity, erythrocytes are intensively destroyed, anemia develops.
Short-term mild anemia occurs in women during menstruation, after childbirth. If there are no serious deviations in the body, it is enough to adjust the diet and normalize the daily routine to improve health.
Severity of anemia
There are 3 degrees of severity of the pathological condition, depending on how much the real values of hemoglobin are below the permissible norm.
Hemoglobin rates
Perform a hemoglobin level test before classifying anemia.
Severity:
- 1 degree - hemoglobin within 90 g / l;
- Grade 2 - hemoglobin 70–90 g / l;
- Grade 3 - hemoglobin 70 g / l or less.
Mild forms of the disease are characterized by a slight deterioration of the condition, severe anemia poses a serious threat to the health of adults, and pathological changes can be fatal for a child.
Symptoms and clinical manifestations
With anemia, gas exchange is disturbed, against the background of a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, they transport carbon dioxide and oxygen worse. One of the main signs of any type of disease is anemic syndrome - attacks of dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, irritability, pallor of the skin, headaches. Photos of sick people will allow you to determine the external signs of the disease.
Anemia due to erosive gastritis
Pale skin is observed with anemia
| Type of anemia | Symptoms and external manifestations |
| Iron deficiency | Concentration problems, shortness of breath, impaired heart rate, convulsions, with internal bleeding feces become black. External signs- seizures, white blotches on the surface of the nail plates, the skin peels off, the hair loses its shine, splits, the surface of the tongue is glossy. |
| B12 deficiency | Tinnitus, flickering black spots, palpitations, hypertension, tachycardia, shortness of breath, constipation. External signs - skin with a yellow tint, the tongue is scarlet, shiny, multiple sores in the mouth, weight loss. The disease is accompanied by numbness, weakness in the limbs, cramps, muscle atrophy. |
| Folic acid deficiency | Chronic fatigue, sweating, heart palpitations, pallor of the skin, an increase in the spleen is rarely observed. |
| Aplastic or hypoplastic anemia | Frequent migraine attacks, shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling of the lower extremities, increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, unreasonable fever. External manifestations - bleeding gums, ulcers in the oral cavity, small red rash, the appearance of bruises even after minor strokes, an icteric tinge skin. |
| Hemolytic | Tachycardia, hypotension, rapid breathing, nausea, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, urine becomes dark in color. External signs - pallor, yellowness, hyperpigmentation of the skin, deterioration of the condition of the nails, ulcers on the lower extremities. |
| Posthemorrhagic | Severe weakness, frequent attacks of dizziness, vomiting, shortness of breath, cold sweat, thirst, decreased temperature and blood pressure, increased heart rate. External signs are poor condition of hair and nail plates, unhealthy skin color. |
| Sickle cell | Intolerance to stuffy rooms, jaundice, vision problems, discomfort in the spleen area, ulcerative skin lesions appear on the legs. |
With a lack of iron, strange taste preferences appear - a person wants to eat lime, raw meat. Olfactory perversions are also observed - patients like the smell of dyes, gasoline.
Causes of anemia
Anemia is a consequence of massive or prolonged bleeding, a decrease in the rate of appearance of new red blood cells, and the rapid destruction of red blood cells. The disease often indicates a chronic or acute deficiency of iron, folic and ascorbic acid, vitamin B12, with excessive enthusiasm for strict diets, fasting.
| Type of anemia | Changes in blood counts | Causes |
| Iron deficiency | Low values of color index, erythrocytes, iron and hemoglobin levels. | · Vegetarianism, a meager diet, constant diets; · Gastritis, ulcers, gastric resection; · Pregnancy, breastfeeding period, puberty; Chronic bronchitis, heart disease, sepsis, abscess; · Pulmonary, renal, uterine, gastrointestinal, bleeding. |
| B12 deficiency | Type of hypochromic anemia, increased reticulocyte count. | · Chronic lack of vitamin B 9, B12; · Atrophic form of gastritis, resection, malignant neoplasms of the stomach; · Infection with worms, intestinal infectious diseases; · Multiple pregnancy, physical overwork; · cirrhosis of the liver. |
| Folic acid deficiency | A type of hyperchromic anemia, low vitamin B9 content. | Lack of products with vitamin B9 in the menu, cirrhosis, alcohol poisoning, celiac disease, pregnancy, the presence of malignant neoplasms. |
| Aplastic | Decrease in leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets. | · Changes in stem cells, disturbances in the process of hematopoiesis, poor absorption of iron and vitamin B12; · Hereditary pathologies; · Long-term use of NSAIDs, antibiotics, cytostatics; · Poisoning by poisonous substances; · Parvovirus infection, immunodeficiency states; · Autoimmune problems. |
| Hemolytic | Erythrocytes are rapidly destroyed, the number of old red blood cells significantly exceeds the number of new ones. The hemoglobin level and the number of red blood cells are below the permissible limits. | · Defects of erythrocytes, disturbances in the structure of hemoglobin; · Poisoning with poisons, long-term use of antiviral and antibacterial medicines; · Malaria, syphilis, viral pathologies; · Defects of the artificial heart valve; Thrombocytopenia. |
| Sickle cell - a subspecies of hemolytic anemia | A decrease in hemoglobin to 80 g / l, a decrease in erythrocytes, an increase in the number of reticulocytes. | Hereditary pathology, hemoglobin molecules have a defect, they collect into swirling crystals, stretch erythrocytes. Damaged red blood cells have low plasticity, make the blood more viscous, and injure each other. |
| Posthemorrhagic | The number of leukocytes decreases, the increased content of reticulocytes, platelets. | Profuse loss of blood from wounds, uterine bleeding. Chronic blood loss - ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, cancer of the stomach, liver, lungs, intestines, uterine fibroids, ascaris infection, poor coagulation. |
Stomach ulcers can cause chronic blood loss
Pseudoanemia - a decrease in blood viscosity with the disappearance of edema, due to excessive fluid intake. Latent anemia - blood thickening, occurs with profuse vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, hemoglobin and erythrocyte counts do not decrease.
Sometimes a person is diagnosed with mixed anemia, a decrease in hemoglobin of unknown origin, when it is not possible to identify the exact or only cause of the pathology even after a thorough examination.
The decrease in hemoglobin in children is often congenital, secondary anemia- a consequence of unbalanced nutrition, active growth in puberty.
Thalassemia is a severe hereditary disease that occurs due to an increase in the rate of hemoglobin formation, erythrocytes are in the form of a target. Signs - yellowness, an earthy green tint of the skin, an irregular shape of the skull and a structural disorder bone tissue, mental deviations, physical development, the eyes have a Mongoloid cut, the liver and spleen are enlarged.
The main signs of anemia are yellowness and whiteness.
Hemolytic anemia of newborns- arises from the Rh-conflict, the child is diagnosed at birth with severe edema, ascites, there are many immature erythrocytes in the blood. The degree of pathology is determined on the basis of indicators of hemoglobin and indirect bilirubin.
Spherocytic - hereditary gene pathology, in which red blood cells have a rounded shape, are quickly destroyed in the spleen. Consequence - the formation of stones in gallbladder, jaundice, irritability, nervousness.
Which doctor should I go to?
In case of manifestations of anemia, it is necessary to begin with. After receiving the results of the initial diagnosis, further treatment will be dealt with,. If you suspect the presence of internal bleeding, tumors, urgent hospitalization is required.
Diagnostics
The main type of diagnostics- a detailed and complete blood count, with the help of a hematological analyzer, the number of erythrocytes, their structural features, the value of the color index, hemoglobin are determined, and inflammatory processes are recognized.
To identify pathology, pass the full range of blood tests
Diagnostic methods:
- blood biochemistry;
- urine analysis to detect hemoglobin;
- examination of feces for the presence of occult blood, worm eggs;
- fibrogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy - assessment of the condition of the stomach and other organs of the gastrointestinal tract;
- myelogram;
- Ultrasound of the organs of the reproductive, digestive, respiratory systems;
- CT of the lungs, kidneys;
- fluorography;
- ECG, echocardiography;
Erythrocytes live on average 90-120 days, from decay (hemolysis) occurs inside the vessels, in bone marrow, liver and spleen. Any failures in the work of these organs provoke the onset of anemia.
Treating anemia
To raise hemoglobin, drugs are used in tablet form, in the form of solutions for injections, droppers, which eliminate the main cause of anemia, enhance the effect of drugs - folk methods.
When diagnosing internal bleeding, an operation is performed; in severe cases, blood transfusion or purification, bone marrow transplantation, spleen removal are required.
Medications
Medicines are selected on the basis of test results, the type and severity of anemia, and the main diagnosis.
How to treat:
Aktiferrin - a gelling agent
- Aktiferrin, Ferlatum - iron preparations, prescribed in combination with vitamin C;
- intramuscular injection of vitamin B12;
- folic acid medications;
- immunosuppressants, antimetabolites - Methodject, Ekoral;
- glucocorticosteroids - Prednisol, Medopred;
- various types of immunoglobulins;
- means for accelerating the formation of erythrocytes in stem cells - Epotal, Vepox.
With severe blood loss, measures are taken to replenish the volume of circulating blood - with the help of droppers, erythrocyte mass, a solution of Albumin, Polyglyukin, Gelatinol, glucose are injected.
Folk remedies
Alternative medicine methods normalize the values of the main blood parameters in mild forms of anemia, in severe, chronic types of the disease, they are used only as additional therapy after prior consultation with the attending physician.
Simple recipes:
- Mix in equal proportions the juice of black radish, carrots, beets, simmer the mixture in the oven on a minimum heat for 3 hours. Dosage for adults - 15 ml, for children - 5 ml, take the medicine three times a day.
- Grind 100 g of fresh wormwood, pour 1 liter of vodka, remove in a dark place for 21 days. Consume 5 drops before each meal.
- To 200 ml of pomegranate juice add 100 ml of carrot, apple and lemon juice, 70 ml of liquid honey. Put the mixture in the refrigerator for 48 hours. Drink 30 ml three times a day.
- Grind 300 g of peeled garlic, pour 1 liter of vodka, remove in a dark place for 3 weeks. Drink 5 ml before meals.
- Mix 175 ml of aloe juice, 75 ml of honey and 450 ml of Cahors, shake, put in the refrigerator. Drink 30 ml three times a day before meals.
The easiest method for eliminating and preventing anemia is to regularly consume rosehip infusion, 1 tbsp. l. of chopped raw materials, brew 1 liter of boiling water, leave for 8 hours in a thermos, or a well-wrapped saucepan.
For mild forms of anemia, consume 2 kg of watermelon during the season, if there are no contraindications.
Potential consequences and complications
Without proper and timely therapy against the background of anemia, the immune system significantly weakens, the risk of developing severe viral and bacterial pathologies increases.
Why is anemia dangerous?
- pulmonary, renal and heart failure;
- neurological diseases;
- impairment of memory, concentration of attention;
- deformation of the skin, mucous membranes;
- deviations in mental and physical development in children;
- chronic diseases of the eyes, organs of the digestive and respiratory systems.
One of the consequences of anemia is memory impairment.
In severe forms of anemia, tissue hypoxia develops, which can cause hemorrhagic and cardiogenic shock, hypotension, coma, and death.
Features of anemia during pregnancy
All pregnant women are at risk, anemia is often diagnosed during this period, but hemoglobin and erythrocyte counts usually decrease slightly, the general condition is normal. Causes- an increase in the liquid component of blood against the background of a decrease in the volume of blood cells.
Sometimes, against the background of frequent vomiting with toxicosis, with problems with iron absorption, true iron deficiency anemia occurs, pathology is observed when carrying two or more children, with frequent pregnancies.
Symptoms- fatigue, weakness, insomnia or drowsiness, severe shortness of breath, nausea, tendency to faint. The skin becomes dry and pale, nails break, hair falls out a lot. This condition can cause miscarriage, preeclampsia, premature delivery, childbirth is usually difficult. In pregnant women, the lower limit of the hemoglobin level is 110 mg / l.
Basis of therapy- diet, there should be more offal on the menu, dietary meat, fish, it is necessary to consume 15–35 mg of iron per day, depending on the duration of pregnancy. Additionally, drugs are prescribed with ascorbic and folic acid, iron sulfate and hydroxide.
If a woman is diagnosed with anemia during pregnancy, then iron deficiency is often observed in the child in the first year of life.
Prophylaxis
To reduce the likelihood of anemia, a proper, balanced diet will help - reduce the consumption of animal fats, replace them with vegetable fats, avoid low-carb diets, eat more honey, buckwheat and oatmeal, vegetables, fruits, berries.
Regular sports will replenish your blood and prevent almost any disease
All types of liver, beef tongue, beef and poultry, fish, peas, buckwheat porridge, beets, cherries and apples - all of these foods are rich in iron and maintain the level of hemoglobin at the proper level.
- a common disease, in women it occurs 10 times more often than in men. Modern medicines, folk recipes will effectively help to cope with pathology, avoid complications, and adherence to simple preventive measures will reduce the risk of developing the disease.
ICD-10 was introduced into healthcare practice throughout the Russian Federation in 1999 by order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated 05/27/97. No. 170
A new revision (ICD-11) is planned by WHO in 2017 2018.
As amended and supplemented by WHO
Processing and translation of changes © mkb-10.com
Iron deficiency anemia (ICD Code D50)
D50.0 Iron deficiency anemia secondary to blood loss (chronic)
Post-hemorrhagic (chronic) anemia Excludes: acute post-hemorrhagic anemia (D62) congenital anemia due to fetal blood loss (P61.3)
D50.1 Sideropenic dysphagia
Kelly-Paterson syndrome Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Iron deficiency anemia ICD code D50
In the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, drugs are used:
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems is a document used as a leading framework in public health. ICD is a normative document that ensures the unity of methodological approaches and international comparability of materials. Currently, the International Classification of Diseases of the Tenth Revision (ICD-10, ICD-10) is in force. In Russia, health authorities and institutions made the transition of statistical accounting to ICD-10 in 1999.
© g. ICD 10 - International classification of diseases 10th revision
ICD 10. Class III (D50-D89)
ICD 10. Class III. Diseases of the blood, blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (D50-D89)
Excludes: autoimmune disease (systemic) NOS (M35.9), certain conditions arising in the perinatal period (P00-P96), complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99), congenital anomalies, deformities and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00- Q99), endocrine diseases, eating disorders and metabolic disorders (E00-E90), disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] (B20-B24), trauma, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes (S00-T98), neoplasms (C00-D48) Clinical and laboratory symptoms, signs and abnormalities, not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)
This class contains the following blocks:
D50-D53 Nutritional anemias
D55-D59 Hemolytic anemias
D60-D64 Aplastic and other anemias
D65-D69 Blood clotting disorders, purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions
D70-D77 Other diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs
D80-D89 Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism
The following categories are marked with an asterisk:
D77 Other disorders of blood and hematopoietic organs in diseases classified elsewhere
Diet-related anemias (D50-D53)
D50 Iron deficiency anemia
D50.0 Iron deficiency anemia secondary to blood loss (chronic) Post-hemorrhagic (chronic) anemia.
Excludes: acute posthemorrhagic anemia (D62) congenital anemia due to fetal blood loss (P61.3)
D50.1 Sideropenic dysphagia Kelly-Paterson syndrome. Plummer-Vinson syndrome
D50.8 Other iron deficiency anemias
D50.9 Iron deficiency anemia, unspecified
D51 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
Excludes: vitamin B12 deficiency (E53.8)
D51.0 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia due to intrinsic factor deficiency.
Congenital insufficiency of intrinsic factor
D51.1 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia due to selective malabsorption of vitamin B12 with proteinuria.
Imerslund (-Gresbeck) syndrome. Megaloblastic hereditary anemia
D51.2 Transcobalamin II deficiency
D51.3 Other dietary vitamin B12 deficiency anemias. Vegetarian anemia
D51.8 Other vitamin B12 deficiency anemias
D51.9 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, unspecified
D52 Folic acid deficiency anemia
D52.0 Nutritional folate deficiency anemia Megaloblastic alimentary anemia
D52.1 Drug-induced folate deficiency anemia If necessary, identify the medicinal product
use an additional external reason code (class XX)
D52.8 Other folate deficiency anemias
D52.9 Unspecified folate deficiency anemia Anemia due to inadequate intake folic acid, NOS
D53 Other nutritional anemias
Includes: megaloblastic anemia, refractory vitamin
nom B12 or folate
D53.0 Anemia due to protein deficiency. Anemia due to amino acid deficiency.
Excludes1: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (E79.1)
D53.1 Other megaloblastic anemias, not elsewhere classified. Megaloblastic anemia NOS.
Excludes: Di Guglielmo's disease (C94.0)
D53.2 Anemia due to scurvy.
Excludes2: scurvy (E54)
D53.8 Other specified nutritional anemias
Deficiency Anemia:
Excludes: malnutrition without mention of
anemias such as:
Copper deficiency (E61.0)
Molybdenum deficiency (E61.5)
Zinc deficiency (E60)
D53.9 Nutritional anemia, unspecified Simple chronic anemia.
Excludes1: anemia NOS (D64.9)
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS (D55-D59)
D55 Anemia due to enzyme disorders
Excludes1: drug-induced enzyme deficiency anemia (D59.2)
D55.0 Anemia due to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G-6-PD]. Favism. G-6-PD deficiency anemia
D55.1 Anemia due to other disorders of glutathione metabolism
Anemia due to enzyme deficiency (with the exception of G-6-PD) associated with hexose monophosphate [HMP]
a shunt of the metabolic pathway. Hemolytic non-spherocytic anemia (hereditary) type 1
D55.2 Anemia due to disorders of glycolytic enzymes
Hemolytic non-spherocytic (hereditary) type II
Due to the lack of hexokinase
Due to the lack of pyruvate kinase
Due to the lack of triose phosphate isomerase
D55.3 Anemia due to abnormalities in nucleotide metabolism
D55.8 Other anemias due to enzyme disorders
D55.9 Anemia due to enzyme disorder, unspecified
D56 Thalassemia
Excludes1: dropsy of fetus due to hemolytic disease (P56.-)
D56.1 Beta thalassemia Cooley's anemia. Severe beta thalassemia. Sickle cell beta thalassemia.
D56.3 Carriage of sign of thalassemia
D56.4 Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin [NPFH]
D56.9 Thalassemia, unspecified Mediterranean anemia (with other hemoglobinopathy)
Thalassemia (minor) (mixed) (with other hemoglobinopathy)
D57 Sickle cell disorders
Excludes: other hemoglobinopathies (D58.-)
sickle cell beta thalassemia (D56.1)
D57.0 Sickle cell anemia with crisis. Hb-SS disease with crisis
D57.1 Sickle cell anemia without crisis.
D57.2 Double heterozygous sickle cell disorders
D57.3 Carriage of the sickle cell trait. Carriage of hemoglobin S. Heterozygous hemoglobin S
D57.8 Other sickle cell disorders
D58 Other hereditary hemolytic anemias
D58.0 Hereditary spherocytosis Aholuric (familial) jaundice.
Congenital (spherocytic) hemolytic jaundice. Minkowski-Shoffard syndrome
D58.1 Hereditary elliptocytosis Ellithocytosis (congenital). Ovalocytosis (congenital) (hereditary)
D58.2 Other hemoglobinopathies Abnormal hemoglobin NOS. Congenital anemia with Heinz bodies.
Hemolytic disease caused by unstable hemoglobin. Hemoglobinopathy NOS.
Excludes: familial polycythemia (D75.0)
Hb-M disease (D74.0)
hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (D56.4)
polycythemia associated with height (D75.1)
D58.8 Other specified hereditary hemolytic anemias Stomatocytosis
D58.9 Hereditary hemolytic anemia, unspecified
D59 Acquired hemolytic anemia
D59.0 Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
If it is necessary to identify a medicinal product, an additional code of external causes (class XX) is used.
D59.1 Other autoimmune hemolytic anemias Autoimmune hemolytic disease (cold type) (heat type). Chronic disease caused by cold hemagglutinins.
Cold type (secondary) (symptomatic)
Thermal type (secondary) (symptomatic)
Excludes: Evans syndrome (D69.3)
hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn (P55.-)
paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (D59.6)
D59.2 Drug-induced non-autoimmune hemolytic anemia Drug enzyme deficiency anemia.
If it is necessary to identify a medicinal product, an additional code of external causes (class XX) is used.
D59.3 Hemolytic uremic syndrome
D59.4 Other non-autoimmune hemolytic anemias
If it is necessary to identify the cause, an additional external cause code (class XX) is used.
D59.5 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria [Markiafava-Mikeli].
D59.6 Hemoglobinuria due to hemolysis due to other external causes.
Excludes: hemoglobinuria NOS (R82.3)
D59.8 Other acquired hemolytic anemias
D59.9 Acquired hemolytic anemia, unspecified Chronic idiopathic hemolytic anemia
APLASTIC AND OTHER ANEMIAS (D60-D64)
D60 Acquired pure red cell aplasia (erythroblastopenia)
Includes: red cell aplasia (acquired) (adults) (with thymoma)
D60.0 Chronic acquired pure red cell aplasia
D60.1 Transient acquired pure red cell aplasia
D60.8 Other acquired pure red cell aplasias
D60.9 Acquired pure red cell aplasia, unspecified
D61 Other aplastic anemias
Excludes: agranulocytosis (D70)
D61.0 Constitutional aplastic anemia
Aplasia (pure) red cell:
Blackfen-Daymond syndrome. Familial hypoplastic anemia. Fanconi's anemia. Pancytopenia with malformations
D61.1 Medical aplastic anemia If necessary, identify the medicinal product
use an additional external cause code (class XX).
D61.2 Aplastic anemia due to other external agents
If it is necessary to identify the cause, use an additional code of external causes (class XX).
D61.3 Idiopathic aplastic anemia
D61.8 Other specified aplastic anemias
D61.9 Aplastic anemia, unspecified Hypoplastic anemia NOS. Bone marrow hypoplasia. Panmieloftiz
D62 Acute posthemorrhagic anemia
Excludes1: congenital anemia due to fetal hemorrhage (P61.3)
D63 Anemia in chronic diseases classified elsewhere
D63.0 Anemia in neoplasms (C00-D48 +)
D63.8 Anemia in others chronic diseases classified elsewhere
D64 Other anemias
Excludes: refractory anemia:
With excess blasts (D46.2)
With transformation (D46.3)
With sideroblasts (D46.1)
Without sideroblasts (D46.0)
D64.0 Hereditary sideroblastic anemia Sex-related hypochromic sideroblastic anemia
D64.1 Secondary sideroblastic anemia due to other diseases.
If it is necessary to identify the disease, an additional code is used.
D64.2 Secondary sideroblastic anemia due to drugs or toxins.
If it is necessary to identify the cause, use an additional code of external causes (class XX).
D64.3 Other sideroblastic anemias
Pyridoxine-responsive, not elsewhere classified
D64.4 Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia Dyshemopoietic anemia (congenital).
Excludes: Blackfen-Daymond syndrome (D61.0)
Di Guglielmo's disease (C94.0)
D64.8 Other specified anemias Children's pseudo leukemia. Leukoerythroblastic anemia
BLOOD COLLABILITY DISORDERS, PURPLE AND OTHER
HEMORRHAGIC CONDITIONS (D65-D69)
D65 Disseminated intravascular coagulation [defibrination syndrome]
Acquired afibrinogenemia. Consumption coagulopathy
Diffuse or disseminated intravascular coagulation
Fibrinolytic bleeding acquired
Excludes: defibrination syndrome (complicating):
In newborn (P60)
D66 Hereditary factor VIII deficiency
Factor VIII deficiency (functional impairment)
Excludes1: factor VIII deficiency with vascular disorder (D68.0)
D67 Hereditary factor IX deficiency
Factor IX (functional impairment)
Plasma thromboplastic component
D68 Other coagulation disorders
Abortion, ectopic or molar pregnancy (O00-O07, O08.1)
Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O45.0, O46.0, O67.0, O72.3)
D68.0 von Willebrand disease Angiohemophilia. Factor VIII deficiency with vascular impairment. Vascular hemophilia.
Excludes: hereditary capillary fragility (D69.8)
factor VIII deficiency:
With functional impairment (D66)
D68.1 Hereditary factor XI deficiency Hemophilia C. Deficiency of plasma thromboplastin precursor
D68.2 Hereditary deficiency of other coagulation factors Congenital afibrinogenemia.
Dysfibrinogenemia (congenital) Hypoproconvertinemia. Ovren's disease
D68.3 Hemorrhagic disorders due to anticoagulants circulating in the blood. Hyperheparin.
If it is necessary to identify the used anticoagulant, use an additional code of external causes
D68.4 Acquired coagulation factor deficiency
Clotting factor deficiency due to:
Vitamin K deficiency
Excludes1: vitamin K deficiency in newborn (P53)
D68.8 Other specified coagulation disorders Presence of an inhibitor of systemic lupus erythematosus
D68.9 Unspecified coagulation disorder
D69 Purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions
Excludes: benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura (D89.0)
cryoglobulinemic purpura (D89.1)
idiopathic (hemorrhagic) thrombocythemia (D47.3)
lightning purpura (D65)
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (M31.1)
D69.0 Allergic purpura
D69.1 Qualitative platelet defects Bernard-Soulier syndrome [giant platelets].
Glanzmann's disease. Gray platelet syndrome. Thrombastenia (hemorrhagic) (hereditary). Thrombocytopathy.
Excludes1: von Willebrand disease (D68.0)
D69.2 Other non-thrombocytopenic purpura
D69.3 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Evans Syndrome
D69.4 Other primary thrombocytopenias
Excludes: thrombocytopenia with absence of radius (Q87.2)
transient neonatal thrombocytopenia (P61.0)
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (D82.0)
D69.5 Secondary thrombocytopenia If it is necessary to identify the cause, an additional external cause code (class XX) is used.
D69.6 Thrombocytopenia, unspecified
D69.8 Other specified hemorrhagic conditions Capillary fragility (hereditary). Vascular pseudohemophilia
D69.9 Hemorrhagic condition, unspecified
OTHER DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND HEMOROUS ORGANS (D70-D77)
D70 Agranulocytosis
Agranulocytic tonsillitis. Children's genetic agranulocytosis. Costmann's disease
If it is necessary to identify the drug that caused neutropenia, use an additional external cause code (class XX).
Excludes: transient neonatal neutropenia (P61.5)
D71 Functional disorders of polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Defect in the receptor complex of the cell membrane. Chronic (children's) granulomatosis. Congenital dysphagocytosis
Progressive septic granulomatosis
D72 Other disorders of white blood cells
Excludes: basophilia (D75.8)
immune disorders (D80-D89)
preleukemia (syndrome) (D46.9)
D72.0 Genetic abnormalities of leukocytes
Anomaly (granulation) (granulocyte) or syndrome:
Excludes: Chédiak-Higashi (-Steinbrink) syndrome (E70.3)
D72.8 Other specified disorders of white blood cells
Leukocytosis. Lymphocytosis (symptomatic). Lymphopenia. Monocytosis (symptomatic). Plasmacytosis
D72.9 Disorder of white blood cells, unspecified
D73 Diseases of the spleen
D73.0 Hyposplenism Postoperative asplenia. Spleen atrophy.
Excludes1: asplenia (congenital) (Q89.0)
D73.2 Chronic congestive splenomegaly
D73.5 Spleen infarction The rupture of the spleen is non-traumatic. Twisting of the spleen.
Excludes1: traumatic rupture of spleen (S36.0)
D73.8 Other diseases of the spleen Fibrosis of the spleen NOS. Perisplenitis. Splenitis NOS
D73.9 Disease of spleen, unspecified
D74 Methemoglobinemia
D74.0 Congenital methemoglobinemia Congenital insufficiency of NADH-methemoglobin reductase.
Hemoglobinosis M [Hb-M disease]. Methemoglobinemia hereditary
D74.8 Other methemoglobinemias. Acquired methemoglobinemia (with sulfhemoglobinemia).
Toxic methemoglobinemia. If it is necessary to identify the cause, an additional external cause code (class XX) is used.
D74.9 Methemoglobinemia, unspecified
D75 Other diseases of blood and hematopoietic organs
Excludes: enlarged lymph nodes (R59.-)
hypergammaglobulinemia NOS (D89.2)
Mesenteric (acute) (chronic) (I88.0)
Excludes1: hereditary ovalocytosis (D58.1)
D75.1 Secondary polycythemia
Decreased plasma volume
D75.2 Essential thrombocytosis
Excludes1: essential (hemorrhagic) thrombocythemia (D47.3)
D75.8 Other specified diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs Basophilia
D75.9 Disease of blood and hematopoietic organs, unspecified
D76 Certain diseases involving the lymphoreticular tissue and the reticulohistiocytic system
Excludes: Letterer-Siwe disease (C96.0)
malignant histiocytosis (C96.1)
reticuloendotheliosis or reticulosis:
Histiocytic medullary (C96.1)
D76.0 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, not elsewhere classified Eosinophilic granuloma.
Hand-Schüller-Krisgen disease. Histiocytosis X (chronic)
D76.1 Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis Familial hemophagocytic reticulosis.
Histiocytosis from mononuclear phagocytes other than Langerhans cells, NOS
D76.2 Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with infection.
If necessary, an additional code is used to identify an infectious agent or disease.
D76.3 Other histiocytosis syndromes Reticulohistiocytoma (giant cell).
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Xanthogranuloma
D77 Other disorders of the blood and blood-forming organs in diseases classified elsewhere.
Fibrosis of the spleen in schistosomiasis [bilharziasis] (B65. -)
SEPARATE DISORDERS INVOLVING THE IMMUNE MECHANISM (D80-D89)
Includes: defects in the complement system, immunodeficiency disorders, excluding disease,
caused by the human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] sarcoidosis
Excludes: autoimmune diseases (systemic) NOS (M35.9)
functional disorders of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (D71)
human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease (B20-B24)
D80 Immunodeficiencies with predominantly antibody deficiency
D80.0 Hereditary hypogammaglobulinemia
Autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia (Swiss type).
X-linked agammaglobulinemia [Bruton's] (growth hormone deficient)
D80.1 Nonfamilial hypogammaglobulinemia Agammaglobulinemia with B-lymphocytes carrying immunoglobulins. General agammaglobulinemia. Hypogammaglobulinemia NOS
D80.2 Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin A
D80.3 Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin G subclasses
D80.4 Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin M
D80.5 Immunodeficiency with increased levels of immunoglobulin M
D80.6 Lack of antibodies with close to normal levels of immunoglobulins or with hyperimmunoglobulinemia.
Antibody deficiency with hyperimmunoglobulinemia
D80.7 Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of children
D80.8 Other immunodeficiencies with a predominant antibody defect. Kappa light chain deficiency
D80.9 Immunodeficiency with predominant antibody defect, unspecified
D81 Combined immunodeficiencies
Excludes1: autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia (Swiss type) (D80.0)
D81.0 Severe combined immunodeficiency with reticular dysgenesis
D81.1 Severe combined immunodeficiency with low T and B cell count
D81.2 Severe combined immunodeficiency with low or normal B-cell count
D81.3 Adenosine deaminase deficiency
D81.5 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
D81.6 Deficiency of MHC class I molecules. Naked Lymphocyte Syndrome
D81.7 Deficiency of class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex
D81.8 Other combined immunodeficiencies Biotin-dependent carboxylase deficiency
D81.9 Combined immunodeficiency, unspecified Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder NOS
D82 Immunodeficiencies associated with other significant defects
Excludes: atactic telangiectasia [Louis-Bar] (G11.3)
D82.0 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia and eczema
D82.1 Dee Georg's syndrome Pharyngeal diverticulum syndrome.
Aplasia or hypoplasia with immune deficiency
D82.2 Immunodeficiency with dwarfism due to short limbs
D82.3 Immunodeficiency due to an inherited defect caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
D82.4 Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
D82.8 Immunodeficiency associated with other specified significant defects
D82.9 Immunodeficiency associated with major defect, unspecified
D83 Common variable immunodeficiency
D83.0 Common variable immunodeficiency with predominant abnormalities in the number and functional activity of B cells
D83.1 Common variable immunodeficiency with a predominance of disorders of immunoregulatory T cells
D83.2 Common variable immunodeficiency with autoantibodies to B or T cells
D83.8 Other common variable immunodeficiencies
D83.9 Common variable immunodeficiency, unspecified
D84 Other immunodeficiencies
D84.0 Defect of functional antigen-1 of lymphocytes
D84.1 Defect in the complement system. C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
D84.8 Other specified immunodeficiency disorders
D84.9 Immunodeficiency, unspecified
D86 Sarcoidosis
D86.1 Sarcoidosis of lymph nodes
D86.2 Sarcoidosis of the lungs with sarcoidosis of the lymph nodes
D86.8 Sarcoidosis of other specified and combined localizations. Iridocyclitis in sarcoidosis (H22.1).
Multiple paralysis cranial nerves in sarcoidosis (G53.2)
Uveoparotic fever [Herfordt's disease]
D86.9 Sarcoidosis, unspecified
D89 Other disorders involving the immune mechanism, not elsewhere classified
Excludes: hyperglobulinemia NOS (R77.1)
monoclonal gammopathy (D47.2)
graft failure and rejection (T86 .-)
D89.0 Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura. Polyclonal gammopathy NOS
D89.2 Hypergammaglobulinemia, unspecified
D89.8 Other specified disorders involving the immune mechanism, not elsewhere classified
D89.9 Unspecified disorder involving the immune mechanism Immune disease NOS
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ICD code: D50
Iron-deficiency anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia
ICD Code Online / ICD Code D50 / International Classification of Diseases / Diseases of the blood, hematopoietic organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism / Nutritional Anemia / Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Class III... Diseases of the blood, blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (D50-D89)
Excludes: autoimmune disease (systemic) NOS (M35.9), certain conditions arising in the perinatal period (P00-P96), complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99), congenital anomalies, deformities and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00- Q99), endocrine diseases, eating disorders and metabolic disorders (E00-E90), disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] (B20-B24), trauma, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes (S00-T98), neoplasms (C00-D48) Clinical and laboratory symptoms, signs and abnormalities, not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)
This class contains the following blocks:
D50-D53 Nutritional anemias
D55-D59 Hemolytic anemias
D60-D64 Aplastic and other anemias
D65-D69 Blood clotting disorders, purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions
D70-D77 Other diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs
D80-D89 Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism
The following categories are marked with an asterisk:
D77 Other disorders of blood and hematopoietic organs in diseases classified elsewhere
Diet-related anemias (D50-D53)
D50 Iron deficiency anemia
Included: anemia:
... sideropenic
... hypochromic
D50.0 Iron deficiency anemia secondary to blood loss (chronic). Post-hemorrhagic (chronic) anemia.
Excludes: acute posthemorrhagic anemia (D62) congenital anemia due to fetal blood loss (P61.3)
D50.1 Sideropenic dysphagia. Kelly-Paterson syndrome. Plummer-Vinson syndrome
D50.8 Other iron deficiency anemias
D50.9 Iron deficiency anemia, unspecified
D51 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
Excludes: vitamin B12 deficiency (E53.8)
D51.0 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia due to intrinsic factor deficiency.
Anemia:
... Addison's
... Birmer
... pernicious (congenital)
Congenital insufficiency of intrinsic factor
D51.1 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia due to selective malabsorption of vitamin B12 with proteinuria.
Imerslund (-Gresbeck) syndrome. Megaloblastic hereditary anemia
D51.2 Transcobalamin II deficiency
D51.3 Other vitamin B12 deficiency anemias associated with nutrition. Vegetarian anemia
D51.8 Other vitamin B12 deficiency anemias
D51.9 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, unspecified
D52 Folic acid deficiency anemia
D52.0 Nutritional folate deficiency anemia. Megaloblastic alimentary anemia
D52.1 Drug-induced folate deficiency anemia. If necessary, identify the medicinal product
use an additional external reason code (class XX)
D52.8 Other folate deficiency anemias
D52.9 Unspecified folate deficiency anemia. Anemia due to inadequate intake of folic acid, NOS
D53 Other nutritional anemias
Includes: megaloblastic anemia, refractory vitamin
nom B12 or folate
D53.0 Protein deficiency anemia. Anemia due to amino acid deficiency.
Orotaciduric anemia
Excludes1: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (E79.1)
D53.1 Other megaloblastic anemias, not elsewhere classified. Megaloblastic anemia NOS.
Excludes: Di Guglielmo's disease (C94.0)
D53.2 Anemia due to scurvy.
Excludes2: scurvy (E54)
D53.8 Other specified nutritional anemias.
Deficiency Anemia:
... copper
... molybdenum
... zinc
Excludes: malnutrition without mention of
anemias such as:
... copper deficiency (E61.0)
... molybdenum deficiency (E61.5)
... zinc deficiency (E60)
D53.9 Unspecified nutritional anemia Simple chronic anemia.
Excludes1: anemia NOS (D64.9)
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS (D55-D59)
D55 Anemia due to enzyme disorders
Excludes1: drug-induced enzyme deficiency anemia (D59.2)
D55.0 Anemia due to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G-6-PD]. Favism. G-6-PD deficiency anemia
D55.1 Anemia due to other disorders of glutathione metabolism.
Anemia due to enzyme deficiency (with the exception of G-6-PD) associated with hexose monophosphate [HMP]
a shunt of the metabolic pathway. Hemolytic non-spherocytic anemia (hereditary) type 1
D55.2 Anemia due to disorders of glycolytic enzymes.
Anemia:
... hemolytic non-spherocytic (hereditary) type II
... due to hexokinase deficiency
... due to pyruvate kinase deficiency
... due to triose phosphate isomerase deficiency
D55.3 Anemia due to abnormalities in nucleotide metabolism
D55.8 Other anemias due to enzyme disorders
D55.9 Anemia due to enzyme disorder, unspecified
D56 Thalassemia
D56.0 Alpha thalassemia.
Excludes1: dropsy of fetus due to hemolytic disease (P56.-)
D56.1 Beta thalassemia. Cooley's anemia. Severe beta thalassemia. Sickle cell beta thalassemia.
Thalassemia:
... intermediate
... big
D56.2 Delta beta thalassemia
D56.3 Carriage of the sign of thalassemia
D56.4 Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin [NPFH]
D56.8 Other thalassemias
D56.9 Thalassemia, unspecified. Mediterranean anemia (with other hemoglobinopathy)
Thalassemia (minor) (mixed) (with other hemoglobinopathy)
D57 Sickle cell disorders
Excludes: other hemoglobinopathies (D58.-)
sickle cell beta thalassemia (D56.1)
D57.0 Sickle cell anemia with crisis. Hb-SS disease with crisis
D57.1 Sickle cell anemia without crisis.
Sickle cell (s):
... anemia)
... disease) NOS
... violation )
D57.2 Double heterozygous sickle cell disorders
Disease:
... Hb-SC
... Hb-SD
... Hb-SE
D57.3 Carriage of the sickle cell trait. Carriage of hemoglobin S. Heterozygous hemoglobin S
D57.8 Other sickle cell disorders
D58 Other hereditary hemolytic anemias
D58.0 Hereditary spherocytosis. Aholuric (familial) jaundice.
Congenital (spherocytic) hemolytic jaundice. Minkowski-Shoffard syndrome
D58.1 Hereditary elliptocytosis. Ellithocytosis (congenital). Ovalocytosis (congenital) (hereditary)
D58.2 Other hemoglobinopathies. Abnormal hemoglobin NOS. Congenital anemia with Heinz bodies.
Disease:
... Hb-C
... Hb-D
... Hb-E
Hemolytic disease caused by unstable hemoglobin. Hemoglobinopathy NOS.
Excludes: familial polycythemia (D75.0)
Hb-M disease (D74.0)
hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (D56.4)
polycythemia associated with height (D75.1)
methemoglobinemia (D74 .-)
D58.8 Other specified hereditary hemolytic anemias. Stomatocytosis
D58.9 Unspecified hereditary hemolytic anemia
D59 Acquired hemolytic anemia
D59.0 Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
If it is necessary to identify a medicinal product, an additional code of external causes (class XX) is used.
D59.1 Other autoimmune hemolytic anemias. Autoimmune hemolytic disease (cold type) (heat type). Chronic disease caused by cold hemagglutinins.
"Cold agglutinin":
... disease
... hemoglobinuria
Hemolytic anemia:
... cold type (secondary) (symptomatic)
... thermal type (secondary) (symptomatic)
Excludes: Evans syndrome (D69.3)
hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn (P55.-)
paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (D59.6)
D59.2 Drug-induced non-autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Drug enzyme deficiency anemia.
If it is necessary to identify a medicinal product, an additional code of external causes (class XX) is used.
D59.3 Hemolytic uremic syndrome
D59.4 Other non-autoimmune hemolytic anemias.
Hemolytic anemia:
... mechanical
... microangiopathic
... toxic
If it is necessary to identify the cause, an additional external cause code (class XX) is used.
D59.5 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria [Markiafava-Mikeli].
D59.6 Hemoglobinuria due to hemolysis caused by other external causes.
Hemoglobinuria:
... from load
... marching
... paroxysmal cold
Excludes: hemoglobinuria NOS (R82.3)
D59.8 Other acquired hemolytic anemias
D59.9 Acquired hemolytic anemia, unspecified. Chronic idiopathic hemolytic anemia
APLASTIC AND OTHER ANEMIAS (D60-D64)
D60 Acquired pure red cell aplasia (erythroblastopenia)
Includes: red cell aplasia (acquired) (adults) (with thymoma)
D60.0 Chronic acquired pure red cell aplasia
D60.1 Transient acquired pure red cell aplasia
D60.8 Other acquired pure red cell aplasias
D60.9 Acquired pure red cell aplasia, unspecified
D61 Other aplastic anemias
Excludes: agranulocytosis (D70)
D61.0 Constitutional aplastic anemia.
Aplasia (pure) red cell:
... congenital
... children
... primary
Blackfen-Daymond syndrome. Familial hypoplastic anemia. Fanconi's anemia. Pancytopenia with malformations
D61.1 Medical aplastic anemia. If necessary, identify the medicinal product
use an additional external cause code (class XX).
D61.2 Aplastic anemia due to other external agents.
If it is necessary to identify the cause, use an additional code of external causes (class XX).
D61.3 Idiopathic aplastic anemia
D61.8 Other specified aplastic anemias
D61.9 Aplastic anemia, unspecified. Hypoplastic anemia NOS. Bone marrow hypoplasia. Panmieloftiz
D62 Acute posthemorrhagic anemia
Excludes1: congenital anemia due to fetal hemorrhage (P61.3)
D63 Anemia in chronic diseases classified elsewhere
D63.0 Anemia in neoplasms (C00-D48 +)
D63.8 Anemia in other chronic diseases classified elsewhere
D64 Other anemias
Excludes: refractory anemia:
... NOS (D46.4)
... with excess blasts (D46.2)
... with transformation (D46.3)
... with sideroblasts (D46.1)
... without sideroblasts (D46.0)
D64.0 Hereditary sideroblastic anemia. Sex-related hypochromic sideroblastic anemia
D64.1 Secondary sideroblastic anemia due to other diseases.
If it is necessary to identify the disease, an additional code is used.
D64.2 Secondary sideroblastic anemia caused by drugs or toxins.
If it is necessary to identify the cause, use an additional code of external causes (class XX).
D64.3 Other sideroblastic anemias.
Sideroblastic anemia:
... NOS
... pyridoxine-responsive, not elsewhere classified
D64.4 Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. Dyshemopoietic anemia (congenital).
Excludes: Blackfen-Daymond syndrome (D61.0)
Di Guglielmo's disease (C94.0)
D64.8 Other specified anemias. Children's pseudo leukemia. Leukoerythroblastic anemia
D64.9 Anemia, unspecified
BLOOD COLLABILITY DISORDERS, PURPLE AND OTHER
HEMORRHAGIC CONDITIONS (D65-D69)
D65 Disseminated intravascular coagulation [defibrination syndrome]
Acquired afibrinogenemia. Consumption coagulopathy
Diffuse or disseminated intravascular coagulation
Fibrinolytic bleeding acquired
Purpura:
... fibrinolytic
... lightning fast
Excludes: defibrination syndrome (complicating):
... in newborn (P60)
D66 Hereditary factor VIII deficiency
Factor VIII deficiency (functional impairment)
Hemophilia:
... NOS
... A
... classic
Excludes1: factor VIII deficiency with vascular disorder (D68.0)
D67 Hereditary factor IX deficiency
Christmas disease
Deficiency:
... factor IX (with functional impairment)
... thromboplastic component of plasma
Hemophilia B
D68 Other coagulation disorders
Excluded: complicating:
... abortion, ectopic or molar pregnancy (O00-O07, O08.1)
... pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O45.0, O46.0, O67.0, O72.3)
D68.0 Von Willebrand disease. Angiohemophilia. Factor VIII deficiency with vascular impairment. Vascular hemophilia.
Excludes: hereditary capillary fragility (D69.8)
factor VIII deficiency:
... NOS (D66)
... with functional impairment (D66)
D68.1 Hereditary factor XI deficiency. Hemophilia C. Deficiency of plasma thromboplastin precursor
D68.2 Hereditary deficiency of other coagulation factors. Congenital afibrinogenemia.
Deficiency:
... AC globulin
... proaccelerin
Factor deficiency:
... I [fibrinogen]
... II [prothrombin]
... V [labile]
... VII [stable]
... X [Stuart-Prower]
... XII [Hageman]
... XIII [fibrin-stabilizing]
Dysfibrinogenemia (congenital) Hypoproconvertinemia. Ovren's disease
D68.3 Hemorrhagic disorders caused by anticoagulants circulating in the blood. Hyperheparin.
Upgrading content:
... antithrombin
... anti-VIIIa
... anti-IXa
... anti-Xa
... anti-XIa
If it is necessary to identify the used anticoagulant, use an additional code of external causes
(class XX).
D68.4 Acquired clotting factor deficiency.
Clotting factor deficiency due to:
... liver disease
... vitamin K deficiency
Excludes1: vitamin K deficiency in newborn (P53)
D68.8 Other specified coagulation disorders. Presence of an inhibitor of systemic lupus erythematosus
D68.9 Unspecified coagulation disorder
D69 Purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions
Excludes: benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura (D89.0)
cryoglobulinemic purpura (D89.1)
idiopathic (hemorrhagic) thrombocythemia (D47.3)
lightning purpura (D65)
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (M31.1)
D69.0 Allergic purpura.
Purpura:
... anaphylactoid
... Henoch (-Shenlein)
... non-thrombocytopenic:
... hemorrhagic
... idiopathic
... vascular
Allergic vasculitis
D69.1 Qualitative defects of platelets. Bernard-Soulier syndrome [giant platelets].
Glanzmann's disease. Gray platelet syndrome. Thrombastenia (hemorrhagic) (hereditary). Thrombocytopathy.
Excludes1: von Willebrand disease (D68.0)
D69.2 Another non-thrombocytopenic purpura.
Purpura:
... NOS
... senile
... simple
D69.3 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Evans Syndrome
D69.4 Other primary thrombocytopenias.
Excludes: thrombocytopenia with absence of radius (Q87.2)
transient neonatal thrombocytopenia (P61.0)
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (D82.0)
D69.5 Secondary thrombocytopenia. If it is necessary to identify the cause, an additional external cause code (class XX) is used.
D69.6 Thrombocytopenia, unspecified
D69.8 Other specified hemorrhagic conditions. Capillary fragility (hereditary). Vascular pseudohemophilia
D69.9 Hemorrhagic condition, unspecified
OTHER DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND HEMOROUS ORGANS (D70-D77)
D70 Agranulocytosis
Agranulocytic tonsillitis. Children's genetic agranulocytosis. Costmann's disease
Neutropenia:
... NOS
... congenital
... cyclical
... medicinal
... periodic
... splenic (primary)
... toxic
Neutropenic splenomegaly
If it is necessary to identify the drug that caused neutropenia, use an additional external cause code (class XX).
Excludes: transient neonatal neutropenia (P61.5)
D71 Functional disorders of polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Defect in the receptor complex of the cell membrane. Chronic (children's) granulomatosis. Congenital dysphagocytosis
Progressive septic granulomatosis
D72 Other disorders of white blood cells
Excludes: basophilia (D75.8)
immune disorders (D80-D89)
neutropenia (D70)
preleukemia (syndrome) (D46.9)
D72.0 Genetic abnormalities of leukocytes.
Anomaly (granulation) (granulocyte) or syndrome:
... Aldera
... May-Hegglin
... Pelger-Hueta
Hereditary:
... leukocyte
... hypersegmentation
... hyposegmentation
... leukomelanopathy
Excludes: Chédiak-Higashi (-Steinbrink) syndrome (E70.3)
D72.1 Eosinophilia.
Eosinophilia:
... allergic
... hereditary
D72.8 Other specified disorders of white blood cells.
Leukemoid reaction:
... lymphocytic
... monocytic
... myelocytic
Leukocytosis. Lymphocytosis (symptomatic). Lymphopenia. Monocytosis (symptomatic). Plasmacytosis
D72.9 Unspecified white blood cell disorder
D73 Diseases of the spleen
D73.0 Hyposplenism. Postoperative asplenia. Spleen atrophy.
Excludes1: asplenia (congenital) (Q89.0)
D73.1 Hypersplenism
Excluded: splenomegaly:
... NOS (R16.1)
.congenital (Q89.0)
D73.2 Chronic congestive splenomegaly
D73.3 Spleen abscess
D73.4 Spleen cyst
D73.5 Spleen infarction. The rupture of the spleen is non-traumatic. Twisting of the spleen.
Excludes1: traumatic rupture of spleen (S36.0)
D73.8 Other diseases of the spleen. Fibrosis of the spleen NOS. Perisplenitis. Splenitis NOS
D73.9 Spleen disease, unspecified
D74 Methemoglobinemia
D74.0 Congenital methemoglobinemia. Congenital insufficiency of NADH-methemoglobin reductase.
Hemoglobinosis M [Hb-M disease]. Methemoglobinemia hereditary
D74.8 Other methemoglobinemias. Acquired methemoglobinemia (with sulfhemoglobinemia).
Toxic methemoglobinemia. If it is necessary to identify the cause, an additional external cause code (class XX) is used.
D74.9 Methemoglobinemia, unspecified
D75 Other diseases of blood and hematopoietic organs
Excludes: enlarged lymph nodes (R59.-)
hypergammaglobulinemia NOS (D89.2)
lymphadenitis:
... NOS (I88.9)
... acute (L04 .-)
... chronic (I88.1)
... mesenteric (acute) (chronic) (I88.0)
D75.0 Familial erythrocytosis.
Polycythemia:
... benign
... family
Excludes1: hereditary ovalocytosis (D58.1)
D75.1 Secondary polycythemia.
Polycythemia:
... acquired
... related to:
... erythropoietins
... decreased plasma volume
... height
... stress
... emotional
... hypoxemic
... nephrogenic
... relative
Excludes: polycythemia:
... newborn (P61.1)
... true (D45)
D75.2 Essential thrombocytosis.
Excludes1: essential (hemorrhagic) thrombocythemia (D47.3)
D75.8 Other specified diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs. Basophilia
D75.9 Disease of blood and blood-forming organs, unspecified
D76 Certain diseases involving the lymphoreticular tissue and the reticulohistiocytic system
Excludes: Letterer-Siwe disease (C96.0)
malignant histiocytosis (C96.1)
reticuloendotheliosis or reticulosis:
... histiocytic medullary (C96.1)
... leukemic (C91.4)
... lipomelanotic (I89.8)
... malignant (C85.7)
... non-lipid (C96.0)
D76.0 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, not elsewhere classified. Eosinophilic granuloma.
Hand-Schüller-Krisgen disease. Histiocytosis X (chronic)
D76.1 Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Familial hemophagocytic reticulosis.
Histiocytosis from mononuclear phagocytes other than Langerhans cells, NOS
D76.2 Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with infection.
If necessary, an additional code is used to identify an infectious agent or disease.
D76.3 Other histiocytosis syndromes. Reticulohistiocytoma (giant cell).
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Xanthogranuloma
D77 Other disorders of the blood and blood-forming organs in diseases classified elsewhere.
Fibrosis of the spleen in schistosomiasis [bilharziasis] (B65. -)
SEPARATE DISORDERS INVOLVING THE IMMUNE MECHANISM (D80-D89)
Includes: defects in the complement system, immunodeficiency disorders, excluding disease,
caused by the human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] sarcoidosis
Excludes: autoimmune diseases (systemic) NOS (M35.9)
functional disorders of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (D71)
human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease (B20-B24)
D80 Immunodeficiencies with predominantly antibody deficiency
D80.0 Hereditary hypogammaglobulinemia.
Autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia (Swiss type).
X-linked agammaglobulinemia [Bruton's] (growth hormone deficient)
D80.1 Non-familial hypogammaglobulinemia. Agammaglobulinemia with B-lymphocytes carrying immunoglobulins. General agammaglobulinemia. Hypogammaglobulinemia NOS
D80.2 Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin A
D80.3 Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin G subclasses
D80.4 Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin M
D80.5 Immunodeficiency with increased levels of immunoglobulin M
D80.6 Lack of antibodies with a level of immunoglobulins close to normal or with hyperimmunoglobulinemia.
Antibody deficiency with hyperimmunoglobulinemia
D80.7 Transient hypogammaglobulinemia in children
D80.8 Other immunodeficiencies with a predominant antibody defect. Kappa light chain deficiency
D80.9 Immunodeficiency with predominant antibody defect, unspecified
D81 Combined immunodeficiencies
Excludes1: autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia (Swiss type) (D80.0)
D81.0 Severe combined immunodeficiency with reticular dysgenesis
D81.1 Severe combined immunodeficiency with low T and B cell counts
D81.2 Severe combined immunodeficiency with low or normal B-cell counts
D81.3 Adenosine deaminase deficiency
D81.4 Neselof's syndrome
D81.5 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
D81.6 Deficiency of class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Naked Lymphocyte Syndrome
D81.7 Deficiency of class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex
D81.8 Other combined immunodeficiencies. Biotin-dependent carboxylase deficiency
D81.9 Combined immunodeficiency, unspecified. Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder NOS
D82 Immunodeficiencies associated with other significant defects
Excludes: atactic telangiectasia [Louis-Bar] (G11.3)
D82.0 Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. Immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia and eczema
D82.1 Dee Georg's Syndrome. Pharyngeal diverticulum syndrome.
Thymus:
... alimphoplasia
... aplasia or hypoplasia with immune deficiency
D82.2 Immunodeficiency with dwarfism due to short limbs
D82.3 Immunodeficiency due to a hereditary defect caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
D82.4 Hyperimmunoglobulin E Syndrome
D82.8 Immunodeficiency associated with other specified significant defects
D 82.9
Immunodeficiency associated with major defect, unspecified
D83 Common variable immunodeficiency
D83.0 General variable immunodeficiency with predominant abnormalities in the number and functional activity of B-cells
D83.1 Common variable immunodeficiency with a predominance of disorders of immunoregulatory T cells
D83.2 Common variable immunodeficiency with autoantibodies to B- or T-cells
D83.8 Other common variable immunodeficiencies
D83.9 Common variable immunodeficiency, unspecified
D84 Other immunodeficiencies
D84.0 Functional antigen-1 defect of lymphocytes
D84.1 A defect in the complement system. C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
D84.8 Other specified immunodeficiency disorders
D84.9 Immunodeficiency, unspecified
D86 Sarcoidosis
D86.0 Sarcoidosis of the lungs
D86.1 Sarcoidosis of the lymph nodes
D86.2 Sarcoidosis of the lungs with sarcoidosis of the lymph nodes
D86.3 Sarcoidosis of the skin
D86.8 Sarcoidosis of other specified and combined localizations. Iridocyclitis in sarcoidosis (H22.1).
Multiple cranial nerve palsies in sarcoidosis (G53.2)
Sarcoid:
... arthropathy (M14.8)
... myocarditis (I41.8)
... myositis (M63.3)
Uveoparotic fever [Herfordt's disease]
D86.9 Sarcoidosis, unspecified
D89 Other disorders involving the immune mechanism, not elsewhere classified
Excludes: hyperglobulinemia NOS (R77.1)
monoclonal gammopathy (D47.2)
graft failure and rejection (T86 .-)
D89.0 Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura. Polyclonal gammopathy NOS
D89.1 Cryoglobulinemia.
Cryoglobulinemia:
... essential
... idiopathic
... mixed
... primary
... secondary
Cryoglobulinemic (s):
... purpura
... vasculitis
D89.2 Hypergammaglobulinemia, unspecified
D89.8 Other specified disorders involving the immune mechanism, not elsewhere classified
D89.9 Unspecified disorder involving the immune mechanism Immune disease NOS
Treatment of IDA includes treatment of the pathology that led to iron deficiency, and the use of iron-containing drugs to restore iron stores in the body. The identification and correction of pathological conditions that cause iron deficiency are the most important elements of a comprehensive treatment. Routine administration of iron-containing drugs to all patients with IDA is unacceptable, since it is insufficiently effective, expensive and, more importantly, is often accompanied by diagnostic errors (non-detection of neoplasms).
The diet of patients with IDA should include meat products containing iron in the composition of the heme, which is absorbed better than from other foods. It must be remembered that it is impossible to compensate for a pronounced iron deficiency only by prescribing a diet.
Treatment of iron deficiency is carried out mainly with oral iron-containing drugs, parenteral drugs are used if there are special indications. It should be noted that the use of oral iron-containing drugs is effective in most patients, whose body is able to adsorb a sufficient amount of pharmacological iron to correct the deficiency. Currently produced a large number of preparations containing iron salts (ferroplex, orferon. Tardiferon). The most convenient and cheapest are preparations containing 200 mg of ferrous sulfate, i.e. 50 mg of elemental iron in one tablet (ferrocal, ferroplex). The usual dose for adults is 1-2 tablets. 3 times a day. An adult patient should receive at least 3 mg of elemental iron per kg of body weight per day, i.e. 200 mg per day. The usual dosage for children is 2-3 mg of elemental iron per kg of body weight per day.
The effectiveness of preparations containing lactate, succinate or ferrous fumarate does not exceed the effectiveness of tablets containing ferrous sulfate or gluconate. The combination of iron salts and vitamins in one preparation, with the exception of the combination of iron and folic acid during pregnancy, as a rule, does not increase the absorption of iron. Although this effect can be achieved with high doses of ascorbic acid, the undesirable effects occurring make the therapeutic use of such a combination impractical. The effectiveness of slow-acting (retard) drugs is usually lower than that of conventional drugs, since they enter the lower intestines, where iron is not absorbed, but it can be higher than that quickly active drugs taken with food.
It is not recommended to take a break between taking pills for less than 6 hours, because enterocytes within a few hours after using the drug duodenum refractory to iron absorption. The maximum absorption of iron occurs when taking tablets on an empty stomach, taking it during or after meals reduces it by 50-60%. You should not drink iron preparations with tea or coffee, which inhibit the absorption of iron.
Most of the undesirable effects when using iron-containing drugs are associated with irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. In this case, undesirable phenomena associated with irritation of the lower gastrointestinal tract (moderate constipation, diarrhea) usually do not depend on the dose of the drug, while the severity of irritation of the upper sections (nausea, discomfort, pain in the epigastric region) is determined by the dose. Adverse events are less common in children, although the use of iron-containing liquid mixtures for them can lead to temporary darkening of the teeth. To avoid this, you should give the drug to the root of the tongue, drink the medicine with liquid and brush your teeth more often.
In the presence of pronounced adverse events associated with irritation of the upper gastrointestinal tract, you can take the drug after meals or reduce a single dose. If adverse events persist, preparations containing less iron can be prescribed, for example, in the composition of ferrous gluconate (37 mg of elemental iron per tablet). If, in this case, the undesirable effects do not stop, then you should switch to slow-acting drugs.
Improvement of patients' well-being usually begins on the 4-6th day of adequate therapy, on the 10-11th day the number of reticulocytes increases, on the 16-18th day the concentration of hemoglobin begins to increase, microcytosis and hypochromia gradually disappear. The average rate of increase in hemoglobin concentration with adequate therapy is 20 g / l in 3 weeks. After 1-1.5 months of successful treatment with iron preparations, their dose can be reduced.
The main reasons for the lack of the expected effect when using iron-containing drugs are presented below. It should be emphasized that the main reason for the ineffectiveness of such treatment is ongoing bleeding, therefore, identifying the source and stopping bleeding is the key to successful therapy.
The main reasons for the ineffectiveness of treatment of iron deficiency anemia: continued blood loss; improper drug intake:
- wrong diagnosis (anemia in chronic diseases, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia);
- combined deficiency (iron and vitamin B12 or folic acid);
- taking slow-acting preparations containing iron: impaired absorption of iron preparations (rare).
It is important to remember that in order to restore iron stores in the body with a pronounced deficiency of iron, the duration of taking iron-containing drugs should be at least 4-6 months or at least 3 months after the normalization of hemoglobin levels in the peripheral blood. The use of oral iron preparations does not lead to iron overload, since absorption decreases sharply when its reserves are restored.
The prophylactic use of oral iron-containing preparations is indicated during pregnancy, patients receiving continuous hemodialysis, and blood donors. Premature infants are shown the use of nutritional mixtures containing iron salts.
Patients with IDA rarely need the use of parenteral preparations containing iron (ferrum-lek, imferon, fercoven and), since they usually respond quickly to treatment with oral drugs. Moreover, even patients with gastrointestinal tract pathology (peptic ulcer disease, enterocolitis, ulcerative colitis) are generally well tolerated by adequate oral therapy. The main indications for their use are the need to quickly compensate for iron deficiency (significant blood loss, forthcoming surgery, etc.), pronounced side effects of oral drugs or impaired iron absorption due to damage to the small intestine. Parenteral administration of iron preparations can be accompanied by severe adverse events, as well as lead to excessive accumulation of iron in the body. Parenteral iron preparations do not differ from oral preparations in terms of the rate of normalization of hematological parameters, although the rate of recovery of iron stores in the body with the use of parenteral preparations is much higher. In any case, the use of parenteral iron preparations can be recommended only if the doctor is convinced that treatment with oral preparations is ineffective or intolerant.
Iron preparations for parenteral administration are usually administered intravenously or intramuscularly, with the intravenous route of administration being preferred. They contain 20 to 50 mg of elemental iron per ml. The total dose of the drug is calculated by the formula:
Iron dose (mg) = (Hemoglobin deficiency (g / L)) / 1000 (Circulating blood volume) x 3.4.
The circulating blood volume in adults is approximately 7% of body weight. To restore iron stores, 500 mg is usually added to the calculated dose. Before starting therapy, 0.5 ml of the drug is administered to exclude anaphylactic reaction. If there are no signs of anaphylaxis within 1 hour, then the drug is administered so that the total dose is 100 mg. After that, 100 mg is injected daily until the total dose of the drug is reached. All injections are done slowly (1 ml per minute).
An alternative method is the simultaneous intravenous administration of the entire total dose of iron. The drug is dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride solution so that its concentration is less than 5%. Infusion begins at a rate of 10 drops per minute, in the absence of adverse events within 10 minutes, the rate of administration is increased so that the total duration of the infusion is 4-6 hours.
The most severe side effect parenteral iron preparations is an anaphylactic reaction that can occur both with intravenous and intramuscular injection... Although these reactions are relatively rare, parenteral iron supplementation should only be administered in hospitals equipped to provide emergency care in full. Other undesirable effects include facial flushing, fever, urticaria, arthralgia and myalgia, phlebitis (if the drug is administered too quickly). Drugs should not come into contact with the skin. The use of parenteral iron preparations can lead to activation rheumatoid arthritis.
Erythrocyte transfusions are carried out only with severe IDA, accompanied by pronounced signs of circulatory failure, or the forthcoming surgical treatment.
Anemia- this is a discrepancy between the proportion of hemoglobin in human blood and the criteria adopted by the World Health Organization for a specific age and gender. The term "anemia" is not a diagnosis of a disease, but only indicates abnormal changes in the blood test.
Code by international classification diseases ICD-10: iron deficiency anemia - D50.
The most common are anemia due to blood loss and iron deficiency anemia:
- Anemia due to blood loss can be caused by prolonged menstruation, bleeding in the digestive tract and urinary tract, trauma, surgery, cancer.
- Iron-deficiency anemia formed as a result of a deficiency in the body's production of red blood cells
Causes and factors
Among the factors that increase the risk of developing anemia, doctors distinguish:
- insufficient intake of iron, vitamins and minerals;
- poor nutrition;
- loss of blood due to injury or surgery;
- kidney disease;
- diabetes;
- rheumatoid arthritis;
- HIV AIDS;
- inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease);
- liver disease;
- heart failure;
- diseases of the thyroid gland;
- anemia after an illness caused by an infection.
It is a misconception that anemia occurs only after an illness.
There are many more reasons:
Degrees and types of anemia
- lungs- the amount of hemoglobin is 90 g / l and above;
- middle severity - hemoglobin 70-90 g / l;
- heavy anemia - hemoglobin below 70 g / l, while the norm for women is 120-140 g / l, for men - 130-160 g / l.
- Iron deficiency anemia... Women during pregnancy, menstruation and lactation need several times more iron than usual. Therefore, iron deficiency anemia often occurs during this period.
Likewise the baby's body requires a lot of iron. This anemia can be treated with iron tablets or syrups. - Megaloblastic anemia occurs as a result of a deficiency of thyroid hormones, liver disease and tuberculosis. This type of anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12 and folate. Early diagnosis and treatment is very important for patients with megaloblastic anemia.
Weakness, tiredness, numbness of the hands, pain and burning of the tongue, shortness of breath are common complaints of this type of disease. - Chronic infectious anemia occurs due to a lack of bone marrow, with tuberculosis, leukemia and as a result of taking certain medications that contain toxic substances.
- Mediterranean anemia(a disease also known as thalassemia) is an inherited blood disorder. The high incidence of this type is observed in Italians and Greeks. Initially, the symptoms are the same as in iron deficiency anemia.
As the disease progresses jaundice is observed, anemia is added as a result of kidney disease and spleen growth. Thalassemia is treated with blood transfusions. - Sickle cell anemia this is also a hereditary disease in which the structure of hemoglobin in the blood differs from normal values. The erythrocyte takes the shape of a crescent, its life time is very short. This type is observed in representatives of the black race. The gene for this anemia is carried by women.
- Aplastic anemia it is a disruption in the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Vapors of harmful substances such as benzene, arsenic, and exposure to radiation can be the cause. The level of blood platelet cells also decreases.
The opposite of aplastic anemia is polycythemia., during which the usual number of red blood cells increases more than 2 times. The patient's skin turns red and an increase in blood pressure may be observed. The reason for this is lack of oxygen. This disease is treated by removing blood from the human body.
Who can get anemia?
Anemia is a disease that affects all age and ethnic groups, races.
- Some children in the first year of life are at risk of anemia due to iron deficiency. These are premature births and children who were fed breast milk with a lack of iron. These babies develop anemia within the first 6 months.
- Children from one to two years of age are prone to developing anemia... Especially if they drink a lot of cow's milk and don't eat food with enough iron. Cow's milk does not contain enough iron for a baby's growth. Instead of milk a baby under 3 years old should be fed foods rich in iron. Cow's milk can also prevent the absorption of iron in the body.
- Researchers continue to study how anemia affects adults. More than ten percent of adults are constantly mildly anemic. Most of these people have other medical diagnoses.
Signs and symptoms
The most common symptom of anemia is fatigue. People feel tired and exhausted.
Other signs and symptoms of anemia include:
- difficulty breathing;
- dizziness;
- headache;
- cold feet and palms;
- chest pain.
These symptoms may appear because it has become harder for the heart to pump oxygen-rich blood into the body.
In mild to moderate anemia (iron deficiency type), symptoms are:
- desire to eat a foreign object: earth, ice, limestone, starch;
- cracks in the corners of the mouth;
- irritated tongue.
Signs of folate deficiency:
- diarrhea;
- depression;
- swollen and red tongue;
Symptoms of anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency:
- tingling and numbness in the upper and lower extremities;
- difficulty in distinguishing between yellow and blue;
- swelling and pain in the larynx;
- weight loss;
- blackening of the skin;
- diarrhea;
- depression;
- decreased intellectual function.
Complications
The doctor, when announcing the diagnosis, must warn of the danger of anemia:
- Patients may experience arrhythmias- a problem with the speed and rhythm of the heart. Arrhythmias can lead to heart damage and heart failure.
- Anemia can also lead to damage to other organs in the body: the blood cannot provide the organs with sufficient oxygen.
- With oncological diseases and HIV / AIDS, the disease can weaken the body, and reduce the result of treatment.
- Increased risk the occurrence of anemia in kidney disease, in patients with heart problems.
- Some types of anemia occur with insufficient fluid intake or excessive water loss in the body. Severe dehydration is the cause of blood disorders.
Diagnostics
The physician must take a family history of the disease to determine whether the disease is inherited or acquired. He may ask the patient about the general signs of anemia, whether he is on a diet.
The physical examination is:
- listening to the rhythm of the heart and the regularity of breathing;
- measuring the size of the spleen;
- the presence of pelvic or rectal bleeding.
- laboratory tests will help determine the type of anemia:
- general blood analysis;
- hemograms.
The hemogram test measures the value of hemoglobin and hematocrit in the blood. Low hemoglobin and low hematocrit are signs of anemia. Normal values vary by race and population.
Other tests and procedures:
- Hemoglobin electrophoresis determines the amount of different types of hemoglobin in the blood.
- Measurement of reticulocytes Is a count of young red blood cells in the blood. This test measures the rate of production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.
- Tests for measuring iron in blood- This is the determination of the level and total content of iron, transmission, binding capacity of blood.
- If the doctor suspects anemia due to blood loss, he can offer an analysis to determine the source of bleeding. He will offer to take a stool test to determine blood in the stool.
If there is blood, an endoscopy is necessary: examination of the inside of the digestive system with a small camera. - You may need also bone marrow analysis.
How is anemia treated?
Treatment for anemia depends on the cause, severity, and type of ailment. The goal of treatment is to increase oxygen in the blood by multiplying red cells and increasing hemoglobin levels.
Hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen to the body using iron.
Changes and additions to the diet
Iron
The body needs iron to form hemoglobin. The body absorbs iron more readily from meat than from vegetables and other foods. To treat anemia, eat more meat, especially red meat (beef or liver), as well as chicken, turkey, and seafood.
In addition to meat, iron is found in:
Vitamin B12
Low vitamin B12 levels can lead to pernicious anemia.
Sources of vitamin B12 are:
- cereals;
- red meat, liver, poultry, fish;
- eggs and dairy products (milk, yogurt and cheese);
- iron-based soy drinks and vegetarian foods fortified with vitamin B12.
Folic acid
The body needs folic acid to produce new cells and protect them. Folic acid is essential for pregnant women. It protects against anemia and helps the healthy development of the fetus.
Good food sources of folic acid are:
- bread, pasta, rice;
- spinach, dark green leafy vegetables;
- dry beans;
- liver;
- eggs;
- bananas, oranges, orange juice and some other fruits and juices.
Vitamin C
It helps the body absorb iron. Fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, are a good source of vitamin C. Fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables contain more vitamin C than canned foods.
Vitamin C is rich in kiwi, strawberries, melons, broccoli, peppers, Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, potatoes, spinach, radishes.
Medicines
Your doctor may prescribe medications to treat the underlying cause of anemia and increase the number of red blood cells in your body.
It can be:
- antibiotics to treat infections;
- hormones to prevent excessive menstrual bleeding in young girls and women;
- artificial erythropoietin to stimulate the production of red blood cells.
Operations
If the anemia has developed into a severe stage, surgery may be required: transplantation of stem cells of blood and bone marrow, blood transfusion.
Stem cell transplantation is performed to replace damaged ones in a patient from another healthy donor. Stem cells are found in the bone marrow. Cells are transferred through a tube inserted into a vein in the breast. The process is similar to a blood transfusion.
Surgical interventions
For life-threatening bleeding in the body that causes anemia, surgery is necessary.
For example, anemia in stomach ulcers or colon cancer requires surgery to prevent bleeding.
Prophylaxis
Some types of anemia can be prevented by eating foods rich in iron and vitamins. It is good to take nutritional supplements during a diet.
Important! For women who are fond of losing weight and various diets, taking additional iron supplements and vitamin complexes is a must!
After the main treatment for anemia, you should keep in touch with your doctor and regularly check your blood count.
If the patient has inherited a malignant type of anemia, treatment and prevention should last for years. You need to be prepared for this.
Anemia in children and young people
Chronic illness, iron deficiency, and poor nutrition can lead to anemia. The disease is often accompanied by other health problems. Thus, the signs and symptoms of anemia are often less obvious.
You should definitely see a doctor if you have symptoms of anemia or if the person is on a diet. You may need a blood transfusion or hormone therapy... If anemia is diagnosed in time, it can be completely cured.