SOCIAL WORK WITH THE FAMILY

INTRODUCTION

1. FAMILY IN MODERN RUSSIA

1.1. Family and marriage concept

1.2. Classification of the modern family

1.3. Family functions

2. PROBLEMS OF THE MODERN FAMILY

CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

The family - the most ancient institution of human society - has gone through a difficult path of development. From tribal forms of community, when a person alone could not exist at all, through a large family that accommodated several generations under one roof, to a nuclear family consisting only of parents and children. The family is also a small unit of society, its elementary cell, which carries out the most important social functions. In addition, the family is the main source of continued life and, therefore, population growth.

The family has great importance for the stability and development of the whole society. As a small group, the family performs the functions of a regulatory nature of the behavior of its members, both within this small group and outside. The family performs the functions of reproduction and maintenance of the new generation, is the primary institution of socialization - success, which affects the entire future life of the individual.

Thus, given that the family is one of the oldest institutions of socialization of new generations, which performs the function of ensuring the safety and security of any person, but in modern conditions it is experiencing serious problems (disorganization of family ties, instability of marital relations, an increase in the number of divorces, a change in the position of spouses in the system of social labor, serious economic difficulties, a change in emotional and psychological manifestations, parental function, etc.), we can reasonably believe that the role of a social worker in preserving and strengthening the social potential of this phenomenon of society is increasing.

1. FAMILY IN MODERN RUSSIA

1.1. Family and marriage concept

Family and marriage relations can be traced in the history of mankind from a fairly early era. In the deep foundation of the family lies the physiological needs, which in the animal kingdom are called the reproductive instinct. Of course, it is impossible to neglect the biological laws that manifest themselves in the life of the family. However, the family is a social formation, which has its own specificity in each concrete historical type of society, its own traditions in each national culture.

With all the differences recorded in history or present in our time, there is something in common that unites all families. This is a family way of life, in which humanity has found the only opportunity to exist, expressing its dual, socio-biological nature. The functions of the modern family, each of them separately, with more or less success, can be carried out outside the family. But in the aggregate, they are all realized in the best way.

The family is a special social institution that performs one of the most important functions of society - the reproduction of its members and their primary socialization.

In sociological literature, a distinction is often made between the concepts of "family" and "marriage."

The first term is usually used to designate the social and legal aspects of socially related relations, the institutionalization of relations between husband and wife as citizens of the state. Marriage is a historically changing social form of relationship between a man and a woman, through which society:

In the scientific literature under family it is customary to understand a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are connected by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance, the relationship between husband and wife, parents and children. In sociological research, it is important to take into account the average family size, the composition of families, carried out on various grounds (the number of generations in the family, the number and fullness of married couples, the number and age of minor children), the division of families according to social and class characteristics.

The upbringing of the younger generation takes place in the family, the foundations of the formation of the personality are laid. It carries a code of moral ideas and values developed and accepted by society. The culture family relations- an integral part and reflection of the general culture of society. Finally, the family is the most important link in the economic structure of society. Consumption and, above all, family consumption is the purpose and goal of social production. The level and structure of the benefits consumed by the family are used to judge the level of well-being of society, the quality of life, and the degree of economic development. At the same time, the family economy is an important component of production in any country.

Thus, the family is a fundamental institution, the most important social value, the fundamental principle of society. The family provides all its members with economic, social, spiritual and physical security, care for young people, the elderly and the sick; conditions for social protection of children and youth.

1.2. Classification of the modern family.

The family as a small social group is characterized by the presence of a number of social goals that change in different life cycles; partial differences in the interests, needs and attitudes of family members; mediation of joint activities. Consequently, the well-being and longevity of the family depend on the extent to which spouses and other family members are able and willing to care for each other, sympathize, compassion, empathize, join efforts to overcome difficulties, show tolerance and forgiveness.

An important role in the family is given to communication in the unity of its three components: communicative(information exchange), interactive(organization of interaction), perceptual(partners' perception of each other). Since in real life the relationship between people develops in different ways, the existence of different types of families is possible.

By the nature of the distribution of family responsibilities and by who is the leader in the family, they distinguish three main types of family .

1. Traditional(patriarchal) family, where at least three generations live under one roof, and the role of leader is assigned to the older man. There is an economic dependence of women and children on their spouses; male and female responsibilities are clearly defined; male supremacy is definitely recognized,

2. Unconventional(exploitative) family: with attitudes towards male leadership, a strict distribution of male and female in the family, roles in the family, delineation of responsibilities between spouses, a woman is also assigned the right to: participate in social work along with a man. It is quite natural that in such a family, due to the excessive employment of a woman, her overload, its own complex of problems appears.

3. Egalitarian family (family of equals), in which household responsibilities are proportionally divided between spouses, other family members, decisions are made jointly, emotional relationships are permeated with care, love, respect, trust.

Other types of families are known, for example, those where the role of the mother is played by the father, elder brother or sister. These tendencies force social workers to assess in a different way the readiness of a certain family to fulfill the functions prescribed to it and choose the ways of rendering assistance to it.

The spectrum of species, forms and categories of the modern family is quite diverse. Family typologies are determined by different approaches to highlighting the subject of study. Here is the classification of family types given by T.A. Gurko. The basis for such typologies, in her opinion, can be:

1. Legal registration of marriage:

- families based on marriage;

- actual families or extramarital cohabitation;

- legally formalized, but living separately spouses - separation (separation).

2. The sequence of marriage of persons who make up the core of the family:

- families based on the first marriage of both spouses;

- families based on remarriage (s) of the spouse (s) (remarriage).

3. Legal relationship between parents and children:

- both spouses live with their own children and had no other children before their birth;

- families where at least one of the spouses already had children before marriage, children can live both in this and in another family - step-by-step;

- a foster family in which the children are adopted;

- a temporary foster family in which the child lives for some period isolated from his parents;

- guardian family.

4. Family structure. Usually, the identification of various structural types of the family occurs according to the dichotomous principle:

- extended (three-generational, related, "commune")

- nuclear;

- monogamous - polygamous;

- absence of minor children (under 18 years old in the Russian Federation)

- their presence (in turn, one-, two- or few-, medium-, large children stand out);

- full (mother and father live with minor children)

- incomplete (only the mother or only the father lives with minor children), in turn, according to the source of formation, can be classified into: extramarital; after divorce; after widowhood; resulting from the separation of spouses for various reasons.

5. Socio-demographic characteristics of the husband and / or wife- age, professional status, education, attitude to religion:

- student family;

- family of minors;

- the family of the worker;

- a rural family.

In foreign literature:

- two-career (husband and wife are professionals);

- a middle-class family;

- "black" families (in the USA),

- international;

- the family of the unemployed,

- the policeman's family,

- homosexual, etc.

6. Families with specific problems.

Specific problems most often mean deviations in behavior (alcoholism, drug addiction, violence, genius, prostitution, crime, delinquency, suicidal tendencies) and mental and physical illnesses of its members: both adults and children.

7. Stage of the life cycle.

- a newlywed family without children;

- a family with their first baby;

- the family in which the first child enters school;

- a family in which youngest child goes to school and the mother returns to work;

- "empty nest", families of elderly spouses, from whom the last child separated;

- the family of grandparents;

- family of retirees (loss of status and connections, change in financial situation).

You can also highlight the most relevant for social work types of families: large families, families with disabled people, low-income and poor families, dysfunctional families, single-parent families, etc.

Thus, each of the categories of families is characterized by a socio-psychological phenomenon and a process taking place in it, marriage and family relations inherent in it, including psychological aspects of object-practical activity, social circle and its content, features of emotional contacts of family members, socio-psychological goals of the family. and the individual psychological needs of its members.

1.3. Family functions.

The sphere of family activity is very complex and finds its meaningful expression in the functions it performs.

The functions of the family in various environments of activity:

Family activities	Public functions	Individual functions
Reproductive	Biological reproduction of society	Meeting the need for children
Educational	Socialization of the younger generation	Meeting the need for parenting
Household - household	Maintaining the physical health of members of the community, caring for children	Receiving household services by some family members from others
Economic	Economic support for minors and disabled members of society	Receipt of material resources by some family members from others
Sphere of primary social control	Moral regulation of the behavior of family members in various spheres of life	Formation and maintenance of legal and moral sanctions for inappropriate behavior in the family
Sphere of Spiritual Communication	Personal development of family members	Spiritual intercommunication of family members
Social - status	Granting a certain status to family members	Meeting the needs for social advancement
Leisure	Organization of rational leisure	Meeting the needs of modern leisure activities
Emotional	Emotional stability of individuals and their psychotherapy	Receiving by individuals psychological protection
Sexy	Sexual control	Satisfaction of sexual needs

Thus, performing such a number of functions, the family is the basis of society, a guarantee of its stable state and development. Violation of any of the functions of the family leads to inevitable problems and conflicts both within the family and outside it. A social worker is also called upon to contribute to the restoration of lost or damaged functions. For a social worker, knowledge of the functions of the family is important for the correct diagnosis of family problems and, in the future, quality assistance.

2. PROBLEMS OF THE MODERN FAMILY

The complex of problems of all types of families is due to the question of the purpose of the family in modern world... Having emerged as the main form of life, the family initially concentrated in itself all the main functions of servicing human activity. Since the family gradually got rid of a number of these functions, sharing them with other social: institutions; lately it has been difficult to single out a specific type of activity inherent only in the family.

All the many problems associated with the modern family can be divided into the following groups:

1. Socio - economic problems: This group includes problems related to the standard of living of a family, its budget (including the consumer budget of an average family), the share in the structure of society of low-income families and families living below the poverty line, with the specific needs of large and young families, state material assistance systems.

2. Social and everyday problems: the semantic content is similar to socio - economic problems. This group includes problems associated with providing families with housing, living conditions, as well as the consumer budget of an average family, etc.

3. Socio-psychological problems: This group includes the widest range of problems: they are associated with acquaintance, the choice of a marriage partner, and further - marriage and family adaptation, coordination of family and intrafamily roles, personal autonomy and self-affirmation in the family. In addition, these include the problems of marital compatibility, family conflicts, family cohesion as a small group, and domestic violence.

4. Problems of the stability of the modern family: This problematic is the state and dynamics of family divorces, their socio-typological and regional aspects, the reasons for divorce, the values of marriage, satisfaction with marriage as a factor in the stability of the family union, its socio-psychological characteristics.

5. Family education problems: In this group of problems, the state of family upbringing, types of families by the criterion of upbringing, parental roles, the position of the child in the family, the conditions for the effectiveness and miscalculations of family upbringing can be considered. These problems are naturally associated with social and psychological problems and problems of family stability.

6. Problems of at-risk families: The factors that determine social risk can be of a socio - economic, medical and sanitary, socio - demographic, socio - psychological, criminal nature. Their action leads to the loss of family ties, an increase in the number of children left without parental care, permanent residence, and means of subsistence. Child neglect continues to be one of the most alarming characteristics of contemporary Russian society. Families at risk include: single-parent families, families raising or having disabled people, large families, low-income and poor families, etc. based on the above criteria.

So, the modern Russian family is going through hard times: a decline in the prestige of the family, and even more so a family with two or more children, economic instability, housing problems, etc. led to an urgent need for the professional intervention of a social worker to maintain the functioning of the main social institution - the family.

3. ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF SOCIAL WORK WITH THE FAMILY

The modern family is called upon not only to solve numerous problems associated with the daily life of its members, with the birth and upbringing of a child, support for the disabled, but also to be a kind of psychological shelter for a person. It provides economic, social, psychological and physical safety and security to its members. Today, many families need help and support in order to fully implement the functions prescribed by society.

Such help is needed by incomplete and large families, families of single mothers, military personnel, families raising children with disabilities, adopted and foster children with disabled parents, student families, families of refugees, migrants, unemployed, asocial families, etc. Social work in them, it should be aimed at solving everyday family problems, strengthening and developing positive family relations, restoring internal resources, stabilizing the positive results achieved, the socio-economic situation and orientation towards the realization of socializing potential. Based on this, the social worker is called upon to perform the following functions:

Diagnostic (studying the characteristics of the family, identifying its potentials);

Security and protection (legal support for the family, ensuring its social guarantees, creating conditions for the realization of its rights and freedoms);

Organizational and communicative (organization of communication, initiation of joint activities, joint leisure, creativity);

Socio-psychological-pedagogical (psychological · - pedagogical education of family members, provision of urgent psychological assistance, preventive support and patronage);

Predictive (modeling situations and developing specific targeted assistance programs);

Coordination (establishing and maintaining the unification of efforts of departments of assistance to family and childhood, social assistance to the population, departments of family problems of internal affairs bodies, social teachers of educational institutions, rehabilitation centers and services).

Social work with the family is a specially organized activity aimed at small groups of people in need of social protection and outside support. This is one of the types of social protection of the population, the main content of which is assistance, assistance, in the restoration and maintenance of the normal functioning of the family. Social work with the family today is a multifunctional activity for social protection and support, social services for families at the state level.

This activity is carried out by specialists in social work with families of various profiles. It is implemented in a specific society (federal or territorial) and is determined by its specifics.

Family social work consists of :

Family social protection is a multi-level system of predominantly state measures to ensure minimum social guarantees, rights, benefits and freedoms of a normally functioning family in a situation of risk in the interests of the harmonious development of the family, personality and society. An important role in the social protection of the family is assigned to the family itself: strengthening parental ties; building resistance against the promotion of sex, drugs, violence, aggressive behavior; maintaining the normal psychological health of the family, etc.

Currently, there are four main forms of social protection for families with children in Russia:

Cash payments to the family for children in connection with the birth, maintenance and upbringing of children (benefits and pensions).
Labor, tax, housing, credit, medical and other benefits for families with children, parents and children.
Legal, medical, psychological, pedagogical and economic consulting, parental education, scientific practical conferences and congresses.
Federal, regional targeted and social programs such as "Family Planning" and "Children of Russia" and others.

2. Family social support presupposes formal and informal activities and relationships of specialists with families temporarily in difficult circumstances on the issues of professional retraining (education of family members), employment, earnings, etc. it includes health insurance, as well as various forms(moral, psychologist - pedagogical, material and physical) assistance of individuals and groups offering role models, social empathy and unity. Social support of the family implies preventive and restorative measures for the family in case of death. loved one, illness, unemployment, etc.

An important role in the social support of families in the context of the development of market relations is played by Employment Centers of all levels, which solve the following tasks:

· Collection and dissemination of information on social support for families;

· Provision of consulting services on vocational training and employment issues;

· Assistance in the opening of family-type enterprises;

· Vocational guidance for children and adolescents;

· Payment of benefits for temporary unemployment;

· Consulting on the selection and use of labor;

· Assistance in staffing;

· Social and psychological work with clients.

Social support is needed for families with reduced behavioral activity, pessimism and not feeling well... It acquires particular importance in those regions, territories where there are few or practically no female vacancies. various types of social support allow stopping personal and family disintegration, helping people to believe in themselves, orienting them towards self-employment, home work, and the development of subsidiary farming.

Social services for families are the activities of social services for the provision of social, social and medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations. In the narrow sense of the word, it is understood as the process of providing families, individuals dependent on others, and unable to take care of themselves, specific social services necessary to meet the needs of their normal development and existence.

It is assumed that all families are in need of social security at least occasionally, and many of these services can be provided by non-trained volunteers. Family social services are at the same time a system of social services, which are provided free of charge mainly to elderly families and families with disabilities at home and in social service institutions, regardless of the form of ownership.

Thus, having analyzed the directions of social work in relation to families, it can be concluded that assistance to families is provided systematically and in a large volume. Despite all the efforts of state and non-governmental organizations in helping families, the problems of intra-family relations and, in general, the preservation of the value of the family remain relevant to this day.

An invaluable role in this today is played by 190 territorial Centers for social assistance to families and children, 444 departments for work with families and children, in social service centers and 203 other institutions for social services for families and children (40), whose attention covers at least four groups of families:

· Large, incomplete, childless, divorcing, young, families of minor parents;

· Low-income people with terminally ill people;

· Families with an unfavorable psychological climate, with emotional-conflict relations, with pedagogical failure of parents and harsh treatment of children;

· Families with persons leading an immoral criminogenic lifestyle, convicts or those who have returned from places of imprisonment.

Their main tasks are:

Identification of the causes and factors of social disadvantage of specific families and their need for social assistance.
Determination and provision of specific types and forms of socio-economic, psychological and social, socio-pedagogical and other social services to families in need of social assistance.
Supporting families in solving problems of their self-sufficiency, realizing their own abilities to overcome difficult life situations.
Social patronage of families in need of social assistance, rehabilitation and support. (We will consider in more detail in the next paragraph).
Analysis of the level of social services for families, forecasting their needs for social assistance and preparation of proposals for the development of social services.
Involvement of various state and non-governmental organizations in solving issues of social services for families. In the system of social service institutions for families and children, specialized psychological and pedagogical assistance is actively developing. Today it is universally represented by the Centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population, the main tasks of which are:
- increasing stress resistance and psychological culture of the population, especially in the form of interpersonal, family, parental communication;
- assistance to citizens in creating an atmosphere of mutual understanding and mutual respect in the family, overcoming conflicts and other violations of marital and family relations;
- increasing the potential of the formative influence of the family on children, their mental and spiritual development;
- assistance to families experiencing various kinds of difficulties in raising children, in mastering knowledge of their age-related psychological characteristics, preventing a possible emotional and psychological crisis in children and adolescents;

Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Ser. 6, 2006, no. 2

T. V. Andreeva

FAMILY IN MODERN RUSSIA: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES

Our world is changing faster and faster. The family, as an integral part of the human world, responds to these changes. Family relationships are the basis of life for a person, both during childhood and adolescence, and during the heyday of his physical and spiritual strength. As a result, the study of the family in the modern world is very relevant.

The basis of the family is marriage. Modern sociologists define marriage as "a historically changing social form of relations between husband and wife, through which society regulates and sanctions their sex life and sees their marital and parental rights and responsibilities." The family is more complex system relations, it unites not only the spouses, but also their children, as well as other relatives or just those close to the spouses and the people they need1.

In social psychology, the family is seen as an example of a naturally unique small group2. At the same time, the family is, first of all, people united by blood (tribal) ties. This definition of the family was given by N.I. Vorobiev back in the 1920s. Based on the materials of the 1923 census of the urban population in Nerekhta (Kostroma oblast), he published a work where the family was understood as “a group of persons related by blood kinship and community of the economy”, which should be studied by analyzing the actual relations between its members5. A family can be defined as a contact group of related persons (or people legally equated to them) who make up a single whole and feel themselves to be this whole.

Distinctive features of the family are called the implementation of economic functions, spatial proximity (cohabitation), sexual intercourse between spouses, and their parental responsibilities. However, all these distinctive features are not always present in the modern family. For example, a long-term separation of spouses is possible, and, accordingly, joint housekeeping, a joint budget is not always supported. Also, the family does not necessarily carry out reproductive and educational functions (it can be either a childless family, or just two generations of old and elderly people, whose children and grandchildren have separated, having left for another country and living there with their families). Emotional and spiritual unity in general historically was not always present and was significant. We can say that a family exists and functions at least in the presence of one of these features - an example is the joint management of a household by a family consisting of an elderly mother and an elderly daughter.

It should be noted that the boundaries of the modern family are becoming more and more blurred due to destructive changes in society and the family. Even such a sign of a family as its closed nature is increasingly weakening due to the high prevalence of co-

Mr. T. V. Andreeva. 2006

residence ("civil marriage"). Thus, the concept of a family, as it seems to us, needs to be extended to the definition of a family as a contact group of related persons, and the “classic version” of the family “a married couple with children” (and often, but not necessarily, the parents of the parents) should be considered as “a family with a married core ".

However, it should be emphasized that the classic family in our understanding is still a family with a marital nucleus, consisting of spouses, their children and, possibly, other relatives. An expanded understanding of the term "family" is forced. The fact is that the classic version of the family "parents and their children" is gradually decreasing its number both in Russia and around the world (forecast for the 21st century - in the United States, classic families will be less than half of the total number of such unions) 1.

Family relations specialists develop various classifications of families1. The most coherent scheme of family analysis was proposed by the famous psychiatrist A.E. Lichko. Let's give her. Families differ in: 1) structural composition: complete family (there is a mother and a father); single-parent family (there is only a mother or father); distorted or deformed family (having a stepfather instead of a father or a stepmother instead of a mother); extended (other relatives in the family) and 2) functional characteristics: harmonious family; an inharmonious family. "1. This classification offers a very accurate basis for distinguishing between families - the presence of both parents, natural or step father. However, there is also a difference in the number of generations, and in addition, new features of families in the form of the spread of" civil marriage "should be taken into account, and also family history (for example, widowhood or an illegitimate child), the participation of grandparents or the presence (absence) of an illegitimate partner.The socialization potential of the family, its psychological characteristics, depending on these indicators, vary greatly. In this regard, we tried to develop a classification of modern Russian families, taking into account parameters of the completeness of the family, the number of children, the number of generations, the presence of a roommate with the mother.

In our opinion, the classification of modern families can be presented in this way.

I. Nuclear family (parents and their children): 1) small type of family with spouses

kim nucleus is the classical, or typical, form of the family. The recent trend is a relative decrease in families of this type due to an increase in the number of incomplete families.

2) a family with several children (the so-called secondary or the large family),

built on the basis of marriage (i.e. a family with a spousal nucleus). B currently ta-

there are about 4% of such families, 3% - with three children and 1% - with a large number of children ";

3) variants of families of the first two types are mixed, or reconstructed families, in which there is a matrimonial nucleus, but for children one of the parents is not native. That is, it is a family of mother, stepfather and children: 20% of children live in families of this type8.

The name "distorted or deformed family", proposed to designate such families by A.Ye. Lichko, in our opinion, correctly reflects their psychological essence

ness. Thus, 44% of mothers who have married a child believe that the husband (stepfather) takes the position of a “stranger” in raising children9. In addition, the option is possible when the family has children-stepsons, as well as in common with the new husband. Internal psychological patterns in this case will be different. For example, in our practice we observed a family in which the eldest child (mother) was sent to a municipal institution, and the family “successfully” raised two joint children.

II. Fragment-type families, originally built on a matrimonial basis: 1) families of the "parent-child (or children)" type, remaining incomplete:

a) due to the death of one of the spouses (widow / widower with children);

b) due to the divorce of the spouses (divorced woman / man with children).

In the first case, we are talking about an actually held family, which, as a result of the tragedy (death), turned out to be incomplete, and the parent who remained with the children has experience of successful family life... All family members have grief over "natural tragedy" and, as a rule, have a fond memory of their husband and father (wife and mother). In the second case, the family breaks up at a certain stage, as a result of which the child has a natural father, as a rule, who is in a conflict or very difficult relationship with the mother and who is the “groom” or husband in the new family. The child and his parents have a load of disappointment and cynicism, “negative family experience”;

2) incomplete families (due to the destruction of the previous family), in which the mother is in cohabitation (sometimes for many years) with a man who is not the father of one (or all) children;

3) orphans who have lost their parents, and the family was originally built on the basis of marriage;

4) a child and grandparents (usually one grandmother). There is no parental link for various reasons (death, divorce).

III. Maternal families: 1) unmarried mother and her children. Often such families in our culture are transformed into matrilineal ("vertical type"); grandmother (grandmother) - mother - child. In fact, such families are often families of the types listed. As of 1999, 30% of all children are born out of wedlock;

2) a mother with a child is in a concubine union with his father, who partially maintains and takes care of his illegitimate child, but at the same time is the legal spouse of another woman (“coming dad”);

3) "civil marriage" of a mother with the natural father of the child (children). In this case, the child has a mother and father who are not in a legal matrimonial relationship;

4) “civil marriage” of a mother to a man who is not the father of her illegitimate child. Formally, such a woman is considered a single mother, but is in a de facto marriage (receiving economic support) sometimes for a long period. In this type of family, the child has a mother and a “stepfather” who are not husband and wife;

5) an unmarried mother and a foster child (or adopted child).

IV. Married families. Childless for various reasons - perhaps this is a temporary stage in the existence of a future family with children.

V. Extended type of family (multi-generational): 1) extended family of the classical type - three generations live together and run a common household, as well as raise children (grandchildren) together;

2) an extended type of family as an actual form of existence of a nuclear family - nuclear families with few children and large families often function in an extended family in two (or more) dwellings;

3) families with matrilineal generic structure (very rarely - patrilineal).

Currently in Russia there are the most bizarre family structures, including up to four generations, but often with the omission of families with a marital nucleus. The number of matrilineal families (the transmission of traditions through the maternal line) is increasing, in which the links of "matrimony" (or matrimonial nuclei) at some levels completely drop out or are replaced by cohabitation. At the same time, thanks to the birth of illegitimate children, the reproduction of new generations continues (with a decrease in family members in each subsequent generation). Families of this type are in crisis, as they can hardly cope with raising children. As a rule, they are formed by the maternal clan (sometimes led by a great-grandmother), and at some levels "matrimonial nuclei" are present (usually in the past), and at some levels they are completely absent.

Thus, there is a change in the structure of families towards a decrease in the proportion of the classical type of families based on the conclusion of marriage (which currently have to be distinguished under the name of families with a matrimonial nucleus). The share of incomplete laughs (due to illegitimate births and divorces), as well as concubinous unions and legally unregistered cohabitations, which in everyday life are called "civil marriage", in sociological literature - a de facto marriage (as opposed to the usual - legitimate) "", or alternative 11. Among 23-year-old young people in 1997, 7.8% were in such a union12.

Features of the family in modern Russia. Among them, we can note: the deterioration of the material situation of the majority of the population (42% of workers had wages at or below the subsistence level) 13; low fertility (an average of 1.3 children per woman) and high mortality, gender disproportion (starting at the age of 33) due to the high mortality rate among men; a decrease in marriage rates (from 65.3% in 1989 to 57.2% in 2002) an increase in the number of divorces (in 2002 the number of divorces for the first time exceeded the number of marriages), as a result of which the number of single-parent families and children increased growing up without a father; one of the first places among European countries in terms of the number of abortions1 ""; the number of illegitimate births is increasing: in 1999, the number of illegitimate children was 30% of all those born "".

It is possible to highlight the features of families associated with their structure and way of life. The growth of out-of-wedlock births in itself indicates that about a third of families arise as maternal ones, on a "celibate basis." The wide distribution of the so-called "civil marriage" among persons born in the 1970s and 1980s was noted. Often older people choose this form of marriage as a second cohabitation17. There has been a slight increase in the number of families with foster children, although they constitute an insignificant share of all families, however, it can be considered that this is a feature and, unfortunately, a trend of the present period. Families with children born by "surrogate mothers" are a new phenomenon in social life, which is still completely unexplored. Such families have certain characteristics, if only due to the fact that the perinatal period affects the formation of the child, psychologists have always regarded separation from the mother as a psychological trauma for the infant, and in this case, both are present.

All of the above features of Russian families can be regarded as features of their structure. In connection with them, such a common feature arises as the blurring of marital and marital boundaries and, as a result, the blurring of the modern family (precisely in its objective sense, and not just the concept of "family"; that is, there is a blurring of the boundaries of the family as an objective reality in society). As already noted,

the share of families "with a marital nucleus" is decreasing, especially those in which the child has both parents. According to the 1994 microcensus, one of the parents was absent in every fifth family with children under 18 years of age. In the overwhelming majority, these are maternal families without a father. 69% of single-parent families had one child, 25% had two. three and more - 6%, m As a result, many parent-child problems arise, such as neglect, widespread fatherlessness (often with a living father or as a result of divorce, or because of “premarital divorce,” that is, dissolution of cohabitation).

In Russia, there is a clear predominance of the feminine principle in families, which often manifests itself both in the very structure of the family and in psychological terms as the adoption of all major decisions for the family by a woman (wife and mother). So, Yu. 1 £. Back in the 1990s, Alyoshina considered the dominance of women in the family as a psychotherapeutic problem (one of the problems - reasons for consultation - she called "active wife - passive husband"). Women in such unions complain about the lack of initiative of their husbands, but with their usual style of interaction since the time of their ancestors, they constantly suppress the man11 ".

The dominance of women (apparently forced) in the family is also manifested in another aspect - the psychological absence of a father in the presence of his actual presence. As a result, certain distortions occur in the upbringing of children and their personal development, such as the feminization of boys and young men. The male father essentially disappears from the historical arena as the protector of the family and his children, as a person responsible for everything that happens in the family. The decrease in male (paternal) influence in the family also affects the personal development of daughters-future women, in a decrease in their self-esteem, in distorted ideas about the relationship of spouses, about the successful functioning of the family (in the process of family socialization, before the daughter's eyes there is no successful model of interaction between a pair of happy spouses - parents, however, there is a model of the functioning of the family, headed by the mother-victim).

Over the past decades, sociologists and psychologists have written about the so-called "nuclearization of families" as a modern world and domestic trend. Indeed, in comparison with the traditional patriarchal family, which functioned as a single kindred, economic, household union (a single household in a common house), as well as a socio-psychological union (interaction between members of a group of ten or more members) and spiritual, the modern family becomes more nuclear.

However, in Russia there is also the opposite feature characteristic of the so-called "cultures of poverty" - "the actual life of an extended family, which manifests itself both economically and in the distribution of roles. Thus, it is in our culture that the departure of the ancestors is widespread (and taken for granted). Moreover, even if the older generation lives in a different area, it is quite natural to come to the “daughter family” of the grandmother for the whole day, as to work, while the parents of the children themselves have the opportunity to work in the industrial sphere. can, in fact, be equated with hiring a babysitter and viewed as a feature of Russian family culture.

Often, the family functions as a "summer recreation center" for grandchildren without the participation of the children's parents in this vacation (it turns out that the parents themselves live and work all summer - a quarter of a year - as a married couple without children). It can be assumed

that if the older generation in many ways did not carry out educational, everyday functions (often even the material support of children) during this time, then the family would have significant difficulties in functioning. Thus, although the family looks like a nuclear and lives in a separate apartment, in fact (taking into account all family (parental) responsibilities in the aggregate), many of the nuclear families act as extended. It is interesting that, psychologically, families tend to nuclearity, for example, when conducting a survey on the distribution of roles in the family, this actual assistance of the grandparents is in every possible way hushed up and denied.

It should also be noted that in those families in which, at first glance, a vivid "nuclearization" is manifested, and this is emphasized in every possible way by the spouses ("We are raising children without grandparents"), often the most effective assistance of the ancestor is manifested in a latent form. Aid is provided in the form of providing summer vacations for children, cash subsidies for the purchase of housing, clothing, a car - this trend has remained in a weak form since the Soviet period. These features, it seems to us, are inherent exclusively or especially in our country. One could say that we have psychological nuclearization (or its attempts) with the actual - economic, physical (in the sense of real support by "personnel") - the functioning of the extended family. At the same time, families living together with the older generation - typical extended families - often do not enjoy such privileges: in this case, children's summer vacations are entirely "on the shoulders" of their parents, the opportunity for material assistance is often less.

Among other modern family tendencies characteristic of Russia, one can note the diversity of marriage and family forms. Thus, the revival of the patriarchal family among the intelligentsia can be considered a new phenomenon - conscious patriarchy in the structure of the family (for religious or philosophical reasons). This trend extends to a fairly narrow circle of people with a low or average material level. As a particular tendency that appeared due to the economic differentiation of society, the economic role of the spouse-father has increased in the families of businessmen. In such marriages, there is a control over the budget and the distribution of funds by a man, which was atypical for the historical development of our country for several decades. So, if in the majority of Soviet families a woman was the manager of the family budget and the holder of very modest funds, at present in some families, in fact, the wife does not have the right to make a financial decision. There have appeared, albeit rare, variants of families in which the wife is financially, psychologically and spatially dependent on her husband. This phenomenon has not been the subject of study by psychologists, but there is evidence that emotional imbalance is often manifested in such married couples (a man is weak, and his wife or female partner, on the contrary, is very emotionally involved in a relationship) - "As a result of this imbalance, the wife turns out in a strong psychological dependence on her husband, there is no need to talk about any democratic or egalitarian relationship in this case.Women show a strong desire to “preserve marriage” (even a legally not formalized cohabitation), a feeling of their helplessness appears, self-esteem decreases, perhaps even development of depression At the same time, according to our studies of urban and rural families, egalitarian families persist, as well as families headed by a woman - a "matriarchal" type of family22.

Some authors emphasize the presence of strong role tension in women - the wife and mother actually have to bear a double and triple load - work, household chores and work in summer cottages23. The plurality of functions and roles of women in the family leads to tension in families24. At the same time, in a very small number of families in last years a completely different phenomenon is observed - the absence of the need to work for a woman with a wealthy husband, combined with their small children, leads to the fact that, at the insistence of the husband, the wives of businessmen are even looking for an occupation in the form of additional education. This ambiguity in family phenomena is also characteristic feature modern Russian family - there is a variety and contradictory tendencies of its development.

There is also a latent and ever-increasing tendency (in Russia and in Europe) - an increasing number of people from single-child families (the only ones in their parental family) and children from single-parent families and mothers who come of age enter the "marriage market". According to many authors25, single children are the most difficult option for marital compatibility and successful marriage. Until recently, the situation was mitigated by the presence of children from two-child families on the "marriage market", due to which marriage unions with full or partial complementarity in the order of births in the family were possible. The results of our research show that the number of families in which the ratio "eldest - only child" takes place exceeds the theoretical probability of such unions, and the ratio "the only one - only" is less than their theoretical probability. In the first case, it is possible that such a combination in the dyad promotes marriage and its stability, while in the second, mutual "repulsion" occurs.

Currently, the only children who have reached the age of majority are the majority. The likelihood of marriage between only children is increasing, which increases the already high enough divorce rate. At the same time, “matrilineal ties” are very strong in maternal and single-parent families; there is a strong attachment of single mothers to their children (especially the only one). The marriage of two young people from such families turns out to be very fragile, matrilineal ("vertical" ties) turn out to be stronger than marital ones: the grandparents (single mothers), as it were, tend to enter the newly formed family.

The situation is aggravated by the doubling of the qualities of "only children" in marriage. Since a third of illegitimate children are currently being born, and of all marital unions, about two-thirds break up (and children grow up in single-parent families or with a step-father), simple calculations show that in 15-20 years the number of grooms and brides who come from maternal, single-parent and mixed families - will reach approximately 80%, therefore, the likelihood of the creation of marital unions by two such partners will increase. The increase in the number of families in which both spouses are the only children from incomplete (maternal) families, according to our assumptions, will increasingly intensify the destructive tendencies in the family.

Sociologists point to a decline in the prestige of parents in comparison with the prestige of their peers as negative trends in the modern family. At present, in a large number of families, there is a "discontinuity" of generations - continuity, transfer of experience disappears, since due to social changes (in fact, there has been a change in formation), the experience of personal life and professional development of adult family members is of little interest to children growing up in other socio-economic conditions. In the extreme case, the "disunity" of generations leads to the escape of children from

at home and conscious homelessness (many of them even like the "free" homeless life, as a result of which the problem of their adaptation in families - relatives or foster ones, as well as in children's institutions).

We have to admit that many features and trends in the development of the modern family in Russia are destructive. At the same time, a significant part of families - complete and incomplete (for example, due to widowhood) - continue to exist with a high degree of satisfaction of their members with family relations and successfully perform family functions. Overwhelming number modern parents strive to provide their children with a high level of education26. In Russian families, sacrifice for the sake of children remains, children and grandchildren are the top priority, despite the difficult economic situation.

1 Kharchev A.G. Marriage and marriage in the USSR. M, 1979.S. 66.

1 Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology... M., 1996.

1 Antonov A.I. Microsociology of the family. M., 1998.S. 142.

"Lofas J., Sova D. Remarriage: Children and Parents. SPb., 1996.

5 Trapeznikova T.M. Ethics and psychology of family relations: Textbook. allowance. L., 1988; Matskovsky M.S. Sociology of the family. M, 1989; Druzhinin VN. Family psychology. M, 1996.

"" Lichko A.E. Adolescent psychiatry. M „1985.

7 Population census of Russia for 2002. M., 2002.

* Arnautova E.P. Family stability based on remarriage // Family psychology and family psychotherapy. 1997. No. 2.

Antonov A.I., Medkov VM. Sociology of the family. M., 1996.

"Hunger SI Family stability: sociological and demographic aspects. L. 1984.

12 Youth 97: Hopes and disappointments. M., 1997.

1: 1 Demoscope Weekly. Demographic weekly. Electronic version of the Bulletin "Population and Society". 2002. No. 95-96. http://demoscope.ru/vvcckly/2003/095/print.php

m Census of the population of Russia for 2002. M., 2002.

Kvasha E., Kharkov T. Abortions in Russia // Population and Society. Newsletter 2000. No. 48, September.

16 Regions of Russia: Stat. Sat: In 2 t. M "1999. T. 1. S. 52-53.

"Andreeva TV. The structure and functioning of the Russian rural family // Psychology of maturity and aging / Under the editorship of OV Krasnova. 2005. No. 1 (29). Pp. 17-33.

"" Demoscope Weekly. Demographic weekly. Electronic version of the bulletin "Population and

PLAN HG, art

ischsSuy ". ¿- \ J \! ¿.. ■ KJO.

13 Aleshina Yu.E. Family and individual psychological counseling. M., 1994.

20 Lev Starovich 3. Sex in the world's cultures. M., 1991.

"Delis D. The paradox of passion. M" 1994.

"Andreeva TV 1) Psychology of the modern family. SPb., 2005; 2) Distribution of roles for all creative intelligentsia // Psychological problems of the modern Russian family. M., 2005. Part 1.

Schneider L.B. Fundamentals of family psychology: Textbook. allowance. M., 2001.

and Golofast V., Doktorova L., Bozhkov O. Focus on divorce and tension in the family // Man after divorce. Vilnius, 1985.

th Toman XV. Family constellation. New York, 1976; Richardson P. The Forces of Family Ties. M "1994; Adler A. The Science of Living. Kiev, 1997.

26 Demoscope Weekly. Demographic weekly. Electronic version of the Bulletin "Population and Society". 2002. No. 95-96. http://dcmoscope.ru/weekly/2003/095/print.php

Is an association of people based on marriage and consanguinity, linked by a common life and mutual moral responsibility. The initial basis of family relations is marriage. Marriage Is a historically changing social form of relationship between a woman and a man, through which society orders and sanctions their sex life and establishes their marital life. parental and other related rights and responsibilities.

In sociology, the family is considered at the same time as important social institution. As a social institution, the family goes through a number of stages, the sequence of which develops into the life cycle of the family. Family researchers usually identify the following phases of this cycle:

first marriage - family formation;
the beginning of childbirth - the birth of the first child;
the end of childbirth - the birth of the last child;
"Empty nest" - marriage and the separation of the last child from the parental family;
the termination of the existence of a family - the death of one of the spouses.

At each stage, the family has specific social and economic characteristics. Under the structure families understand not only its quantitative completeness, but also the totality of spiritual, moral and psychological relations between its members, including the relationship of power and authority. The order and way of life, customs and traditions, interaction with other families and society as a whole are closely related to the structure of the family.

The totality of all the functions that the modern family performs can be summarized as follows:

reproductive (childbearing)- reproduction of offspring is the main function of the family;
educational- primary socialization of children, their upbringing, maintenance of the reproduction of cultural values;
household- housekeeping, caring for children and elderly family members;
economic- material support for minors and disabled family members;
primary social control function- regulation of moral responsibility in relations between members and families:
spiritual and moral- development of the personality of each family member;
social status- granting a certain social status to family members, reproduction of the social structure;
leisure- organization of rational leisure, mutual enrichment of interests;
emotional- providing psychological support to family members.

Sociology has adopted the following general principles for identifying types family organization.

Depending on the form of marriage, a monogamous and polygamous family is distinguished:

monogamy - marriage of one man to one woman at the same time:
polygamy is a marriage involving several partners in a marriage. There are three forms of polygamous marriage:
- group marriage, when several men and several women are simultaneously in a marital relationship (today this form has survived only on the Marquesas Islands):
- polyandry (polyandry)- a rare form, occurs in the southern states of India, in Tibet;
- polygyny (polygamy)- the most common among all forms of polygamous marriage, exists in Muslim countries.

Types of families depending on the structure of family ties:

nuclear (simple), consisting of parents and their minor children;
extended (complex), represented by two or more generations of families.

Types of families depending on the methods of choosing a family partner:

endogamous involving the conclusion of marriage between representatives of the same group (clan, tribe, etc.);
exogamous where marriage within a specific narrow group of people (for example, between close relatives, members of the same tribe, etc.) is prohibited.

Types of families depending on the place of residence of the spouses:

patrilocal- young people live in the husband's family;
matrilocal- in the family of the wife's parents;
neolocal- settle separately from their parents.

Types of families depending on the criterion of family power:

matriarchy- power in the family belongs to the woman;
patriarchy- a man is at the head;
egalitarian, or democratic, family, in which the status equality of spouses is respected (which is the most common at the present time).

In modern society, there are processes of transformation of the family as a social institution, changes in some of its functions, redistribution of family roles. The family is losing its leading position in the socialization of individuals, the organization of leisure and other important functions. At the same time, society appears alternative forms of marriage, which are understood as the systems of marriage relations that have not received official recognition by the state (and the church), but admitted by public opinion of a particular social environment.

These in modern developed countries include:

Godwin-marriage("Business marriage", "guest marriage") is the separation of spouses, the absence of a common household and everyday life. An extra-family form of monogamous marriage was first described in the 18th century. W. Godwin. In the last decade, this form of marriage has become popular in Russia, mainly among pop stars and very busy business people with different interests;

Concubinate- a stable relationship between a married man and a formally unmarried woman-concubine, who has children recognized by him and material support from him. Currently in Western Europe due to the growing feminization of the sex composition, society has an undoubted upward trend. Polygyny variant;

Open marriage- recognition of the right of spouses to an independent lifestyle, including extramarital sex;

Trial marriage- temporary residence of partners. When they decide to have children, they are legally married. As defined by Margaret Mead. Is a "two-step marriage".

Alternative forms of marriage are in fact exactly the forms, variations of the traditional types of marriage discussed above. They arise due to or rather contrary to the marital interests of some specific groups of the population. Therefore, the further existence of these forms will be determined by the stability and viability of these groups themselves.

It should be recognized that the noted tendencies of the separation of the institutions of marriage and family, which have long been characteristic of the West, are spreading in modern Russian society as well.

1.1 The concept of a family, its types, structure

There are many definitions of a family that distinguish various aspects of family life as a family-forming relationship, ranging from the simplest to broader ones (for example, a family is a group of people who love each other, or a group of people who have common ancestors or live together) and ending extensive lists of family traits. Among the definitions of the family, taking into account the criteria of population reproduction and socio-psychological integrity, attracts the definition of the family "as a historically specific system of relationships between spouses, between parents and children, as a small group, whose members are linked by marriage or family relations, community of life and mutual moral responsibility and the social necessity of which is due to the need of society for the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population ", given by A.G. Kharchev.

From the standpoint of law, the family is a constitutional and legal category based on marriage - a legally formalized, voluntary union of a man and a woman, giving rise to mutual personal and property rights and obligations aimed at creating a family, having and raising children (Articles 7, 38 and 72 The Constitution Russian Federation) .

That is, it is a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are linked by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance.

The essence of the constitutional and legal position of the family is a set of legal norms enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, constitutions (statutes), laws of the constituent entities of Russia, international legal acts regulating and protecting public relations regarding the family.

In order to apply certain normative acts, it is necessary to determine what type this or that family belongs to. In modern statistics, families are divided into types for various reasons - by demographic, by family size, by the number of employed family members, by social and national identity, etc. Usually, the "core" of a family is considered a married couple, and all statistical classifications of the composition of families are based on from adding to the "core" children, relatives, parents of spouses. Based on the provisions of the legislation, the following types of family can be distinguished: young, elderly, large, incomplete, foster, foster, low-income, etc.

It is worth considering each type in more detail.

A young family is a family for the first time 3 years after marriage (in the case of the birth of children - without limiting the duration of the marriage), provided that none of the spouses has reached the age of 30.

Thus, marriage must come first; life expectancy up to 3 years; the age limit of the spouses is from 18 to 30 years.

A low-income family is a family with an average per capita income below the subsistence level established in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

A large family is a family with three or more children under the age of 18 for the maintenance and upbringing.

An elderly family is a family whose spouses have reached retirement age.

A foster family is one of the forms of placement for the upbringing of children left without parental care. Citizens (spouses or individual citizens) wishing to take on the upbringing of a child (children) left without parental care are called foster parents; a child (children) transferred to a foster family for upbringing is called a foster child, and such a family is called a foster family.

Foster parents in relation to the adopted child (children) have the rights and duties of a guardian (custodian). The total number of children in a foster family, including relatives and adopted children, should not exceed, as a rule, 8 people.

A foster family is formed on the basis of an agreement on the transfer of the child (children) for upbringing to a family. The guardianship and trusteeship authority issues a certificate of the established form to the adoptive parents.

The guardianship and trusteeship body promotes the creation of foster families, provides foster parents with the necessary assistance and monitors the living conditions and upbringing of the child (children).

The placement of children in a foster family does not entail the emergence between foster parents and foster children of alimony and hereditary legal relations arising from the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Other types of families can be distinguished for various reasons.

Family structure includes the number and composition of the family, as well as the totality of relationships between its members. The analysis of the family structure makes it possible to answer the question of how the function of the family is realized: who is in charge of the family and who is the fulfillment, how rights and responsibilities are distributed among family members. From the point of view of family structure, one can distinguish such families where the leadership and organization of all its functions are concentrated in the hands of one family member. In other families, there is a clearly expressed equal participation in the management of the family of all its members. In the first case, they speak of an authoritarian system of relations; in the second - about the democratic. The structure of the family can be different in terms of how the main responsibilities are distributed in it: most responsibilities are concentrated in the hands of one family member, or responsibilities are evenly distributed.

The most common family structure in our society is the family, which includes its adult members (husband and wife, as well as often one of their parents) and children. For a family, our most typical orientation is one or two children. The family is more often focused on the equal distribution of responsibilities, as well as equal participation in solving all family problems. In the course of opinion polls, most of the respondents indicate the preference for such a structure of relationships.

Disorders of the family structure are those structural features that impede or impede the performance of the family's functions. For example, the uneven distribution of household responsibilities in the family between spouses acts as a violation of the structure of relationships, since it prevents the satisfaction of a number of needs of the spouse who bears the main burden: in the restoration of physical strength, satisfaction of spiritual (cultural) needs. For the same reason, a family conflict should be recognized as a violation of the structure of relations in the family, preventing the family from performing its various functions.

There are many different variants of the composition, or structure, of the family: - "nuclear family" consists of a husband, wife and their children;

- “replenished family” - an enlarged union: a married couple and their children, plus parents of other generations, for example, grandmothers, grandfathers, uncles, aunts, who all live together or in close proximity to each other and constitute the structure of the family;

- A "blended family" is a "rebuilt" family formed as a result of the marriage of divorced people. A blended family includes step parents and step children, since children from a previous marriage join the new family unit;

- A “single parent's family” is a household run by one parent (mother or father) because of divorce, departure or death of a spouse, or because the marriage has never been contracted.

A.I. Antonov and V.M. Medkov are distinguished by composition:

Nuclear families, which are currently the most common and consist of parents and their children, that is, from two generations. There are no more than three nuclear positions in the nuclear family (father-husband, mother-wife, son-brother, or daughter-sister);

Extended families are a family that brings together two or more nuclear families with a common household and consists of three or more generations - grandparents, parents and children (grandchildren).

The authors point out that when it is necessary to emphasize the presence in a nuclear family based on a polygamous marriage, two or more wives-mothers (polygyny), or husbands-fathers (polyandry), then they speak of a composite, or complex nuclear family.

In repeated families (based on a second, not the first, marriage), the spouses may include children from the given marriage and the children of one of the spouses brought into the new family.

E. A. Lichko developed the following classification of families:

Structural composition: complete family (there is a mother and a father); single-parent family (there is only a mother or father); distorted or deformed family (having a stepfather instead of a father or a stepmother instead of a mother).

Functional features: harmonious family; disharmonious family.

There are different classifications of the types of distribution of roles in the family. So, according to I.V. Grebennikov, there are 6 types of distribution of family roles:

Autonomous - husband and wife distribute roles and do not interfere in the sphere of influence of the other;

Democratic - family management rests on the shoulders of both spouses approximately equally.

The types of family structures, according to the criterion of power, are divided into:

Partriarchal families, where the head of the family state is the father,

Egalitarian families in which there are no clearly defined family heads and where the situational distribution of power between father and mother prevails.

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There are many different options for the composition, or structure, of a family:

The nuclear family consists of a husband, wife and their children;

“Replenished family” - a union enlarged in its composition: a married couple and their children, plus parents of other generations, for example, grandmothers, grandfathers, uncles, aunts, all living together or in close proximity to each other and constituting the structure of the family;

A “blended family” is a “reconstructed” family formed as a result of the marriage of divorced people. A blended family includes step parents and step children, since children from a previous marriage join the new family unit;

“Single parent's family” is a household that is run by one parent (mother or father) because of divorce, departure or death of a spouse, or because the marriage has never been concluded (Levy D., 1993).

A.I. Antonov and V.M. Medkov are distinguished by composition:

nuclear families, which are currently the most common and consist of parents and their children, that is, from two generations. There are no more than three nuclear positions in the nuclear family (father-husband, mother-wife, son-brother, or daughter-sister);

extended families are a family that brings together two or more nuclear families with a common household and consists of three or more generations - grandparents, parents and children (grandchildren).

A.E. Lichko (Lichko A.E., 1979) developed the following classification of families:

Structural composition:

complete family (there is a mother and a father);

incomplete family (there is only a mother or father);

distorted or deformed family (having a stepfather instead of a father or a stepmother instead of a mother).

Functional features:

harmonious family;
disharmonious family.

The family, like any system, implements a number of functions in the hierarchy, reflecting both the specifics of it, the family, cultural and historical development, and the originality of the stages of its life cycle:

economic (material and production), household... In pre-industrial society, the family was the primary production group that provided itself with all the basic material conditions of existence or created products for exchange. At present, the economic function of a family is determined by the pooling of incomes of its members and the distribution of these incomes for consumption in accordance with the needs of each family member. The household function is realized in the form of organizing the family's everyday life and the personal life of each of its members. The distribution of household responsibilities and their content are determined by the historical era, living conditions, the composition of the family and the stage of its life cycle;

reproductive(childbirth and reproduction of the population). A.G. Kharchev considers this function to be the most important social function of the family, ensuring the reproduction of the country's population. The importance of the reproductive function of the family was realized by society back in Ancient rome, where, during the reign of Emperor Augustus, laws were issued to stimulate the birth of children in families of Roman citizens [Zatsepin, 1991]. Solving the problems of planning the birth rate and reproduction of the population is an important function of state policy in almost all countries, regardless of whether they are faced with the problem of a crisis in the birth rate and a “shortage” of human productive resources, or, on the contrary, the need to limit the birth rate;

the function of raising children. The family acts as the institution of the child's primary socialization. It ensures the continuity of the development of society, the continuation of the human race, the connection of times. It is known that upbringing in a family, emotionally positive full-fledged communication of a child with a close adult determines the harmonious development of a child in the early years. With the age of the child, the upbringing function of the family does not lose its significance, but only the tasks, means, tactics of upbringing, forms of cooperation and cooperation with parents change. At present, it is the upbringing of children that is considered as the most important social function of the family;

sexually erotic. Only selective, stable sexual relations with a permanent partner, acting as a unique and unrepeatable personality, create the conditions for achieving the fullest sexual harmony of partners;

the function of spiritual communication, assuming spiritual mutual enrichment of family members; information exchange; discussion of the most significant for the individual problems of socio-political, professional, public life; communication in the context of the perception of literary and artistic works of art, music; creating conditions for the personal and intellectual growth of family members;

a function of emotional support and acceptance, providing a sense of security and belonging to a group, emotional understanding and empathy, or the so-called psychotherapeutic function. In the modern family, another aspect of this function is the formation of a personality's need for self-expression and self-actualization;

recreational (restorative)- the function of providing conditions for the restoration of neuropsychic health and mental stability of family members;

the function of social regulation, control and guardianship(in relation to minors and disabled family members) [Zatsepin, 1991; Eidemiller, Yustitskis, 1999].

Classification of types of families in russia. Modern family The concept of family, its types, structure

1.1 The concept of a family, its types, structure

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