Extensor carpi radialis. Extensor carpi radialis brevis. Victim of radiation fever

68. ROUND PRONATOR BEGINS

On the medial epicondyle of the shoulder

2) on the lateral epicondyle of the shoulder

3) on the olecranon

4) on the block of the humerus

69. ATTACHMENT POINT OF THE SUPERFICIAL FLEXOR OF THE FINGERS

1) proximal phalanx of 2-5 fingers

2) distal phalanx of 2-5 fingers

Middle phalanx 2-5 fingers

4) 2-5 metacarpal bones

70. IN THE THIRD LAYER OF MUSCLES ON THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE FOREARM IS LOCATED

Flexor digitorum profundus

3) pronator quadratus

4) flexor carpi radialis

71. IN THE SECOND LAYER OF MUSCLES ON THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE FOREARM IS LOCATED

2) flexor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum superficialis

4) flexor pollicis longus

72. THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT OF THE EXTENSOR THUMB BREFUS IS

1) 1st metacarpal bone

Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

3) distal phalanx of the thumb

4) head of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

73. THE MUSCLES OF THE EMERGENCY OF THE THUMB RELATE TO

1) palmaris brevis muscle

Brushes

3) first dorsal interosseous muscle

Adductor pollicis muscle

74. THE MUSCLES OF THE EMERGENCY OF THE LITTLE FINGER REFERENCES

1) palmaris longus muscle

2) supinator muscle

Abductor digiti minimi muscle

4) extensor digitorum

75. FUNCTION OF THE VERMIFORM MUSCLES OF THE HAND

1) extension of the proximal phalanges

Flexion of the proximal phalanges

3) adduction of fingers II, IV, V

4) flexion of the middle phalanges

76. IN THE FIRST CHANNEL THE WRISTS ARE LOCATED

Abductor pollicis longus tendon

2) tendon of the long extensor carpi radialis

3) tendon of the extensor pollicis longus

4) tendon of the short extensor carpi radialis

77. THE INTERNAL GROUP OF MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC RELATES

1) gluteus maximus muscle

3) sartorius muscle

Iliopsoas muscle



78. ILIOPSOUMAS MUSCLE ATTACHED

1) to the patella

2) to the greater trochanter

To the lesser trochanter

4) to the intertrochanteric ridge

79. ATTACHMENT POINT OF THE GLUTEUS MAJOR MUSCLE

1) lesser trochanter

2) greater skewer

3) gluteal tuberosity

4) intertrochanteric ridge

80. THE MUSCLES OF THE FEMOR OF THE ANTERIOR GROUP REFERENCES

1) quadriceps muscle

2) pectineus muscle

Quadratus femoris

81. THE MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR GROUP REFERENCES

1) gluteus maximus muscle

Biceps femoris

3) sartorius muscle

4) thin muscle

82. THE DEEP LAYER OF THE POSTERIOR GROUP OF THE MUSCLES OF THE CHIB FORM

1) extensor digitorum longus

2) peroneus longus muscle

3) plantaris muscle

Tibialis posterior muscle

83. THE MUSCLES OF THE MEDIAL GROUP ON THE PLANT REFERENCES

Flexor pollicis brevis

2) short extensor pollicis

3) plantaris muscle

4) tibialis posterior muscle

84. THE MIDDLE GROUP OF MUSCLES OF THE PLANTAR SURFACE OF THE FOOT INCLUDES

1) muscle that abducts the little toe

2) short extensor pollicis

Flexor digitorum brevis

4) extensor digitorum brevis

85. THE MUSCLES OF THE DORS OF THE FOOT REFERENCES

1) peroneus brevis muscle

2) plantar interosseous muscles

3) abductor pollicis muscle

Extensor pollicis brevis

86. FEMORAL TRIANGLE LIMITED

Inguinal ligament

2) pectineal ligament

3) pectineus muscle

4) ilium

87. LOCATION OF THE MUSCLE LACUNE

1) greater sciatic foramen

2) lesser sciatic foramen

Behind the inguinal ligament

4) medial to the iliopectineal arch

88. PASSES THROUGH THE MUSCULAR GAP

1) piriformis muscle

Iliopsoas muscle

3) pectineus muscle

4) femoral artery

89. PASSES THROUGH THE GREATER SCITICAL FORANA

2) obturator internus muscle

3) external obturator muscle

Piriformis muscle

90. PASSES THROUGH THE Lesser Ischiatic Foramen

1) iliopsoas muscle

Obturator internus muscle

3) piriformis muscle

4) external obturator muscle

91. THE WALLS OF THE FEMORAL CANAL FORM

1) pectineal ligament

2) transversalis fascia

Femoral vein

4) femoral nerve

92. SUPERFICIAL RING OF THE FEMORAL CANAL LIMITED

1) spermatic cord

2) iliopectineal arch

3) inguinal ligament

Crescent edge of the cribriform fascia

93. THE WALLS OF THE ADRIVING CHANNEL ARE FORMED

Adductor magnus muscle

2) adductor brevis muscle

3) pectineus muscle

4) adductor longus muscle

94. LIMITS THE POPELLETIUM FOSSA

1) quadriceps femoris muscle

Semimembranosus muscle

3) soleus muscle

4) peroneus brevis muscle

95. OPENING INTO THE POPPLITHEAL FOSSA

1) femoral canal

2) obturator canal

3) ankle-popliteal canal

4) superior musculofibular canal

96. CHANNEL CONNECTING WITH THE ANKLE-POPLITHEAL CANAL

1) lower musculofibular canal

2) adductor channel

Superior musculofibular canal

4) femoral canal

97. PARTICIPATES IN THE FORMATION OF THE WALLS OF THE LOWER MUSCULEOFIBULAR CANAL

1) anterior surface of the fibula

2) flexor digitorum longus

Latin name extensor - extensor; carpi - wrist; radius - radial; brevis - short.

Muscle of the forearm of the lateral group.

Place of origin- Brachial bone.

Place of attachment- Base of the third metacarpal bone.

Action- Extends the hand.

Innervation- C5- 7.

Blood supply- a. radialis, a. recurrent radialis.

Extensor digitorum / Musculus extensor digitorum

Latin name extensor - extensor; digit - finger.

Part of the surface group. Each digital extensor tendon passes above each metacarpophalangeal joint to form a triangular membranous plate called the extensor sheath or extensor sprain, to which the lumbrical and interosseous muscles of the hand are attached. The extensor of the little finger and the extensor of the index finger are also attached to the membranous plate.

Place of origin- Common extensor tendon from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

Place of attachment- Dorsal surfaces of all phalanges of the four fingers.

Action- Extends the fingers (metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints). Participates in the abduction (divergence) of the fingers from the middle finger.

Innervation

Blood supply- Recurrent interosseous artery and posterior interosseous artery through the common interosseous artery (from the ulnar artery).

Example: releasing objects held in the hand.

Extensor pollicis brevis / Musculus extensor pollicis brevis

Latin name extensor - to extend; pollicis - thumb; brevis - short.

Part of the deep muscle group. It lies distal to the adductor pollicis longus muscle, to which it is closely adjacent.

Place of origin- Posterior surface of the radius, distal to the origin of the abductor pollicis longus muscle. Adjacent part of the interosseous membrane.

Place of attachment- Base of the dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.

Action- Extends the thumb. Retracts his wrist.

Innervation- Deep radial (posterior interosseous) nerve C6, 7, 8.

Blood supply- Posterior interosseous artery through the common interosseous artery (from the ulnar artery).

Basic functional movement- Example: opens a finger over a flat object.

On the back of the arm are extensor muscles such as extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digitorum longus, which act as antagonistic flexors. The extensors are somewhat weaker than the flexors. The extensor carpi radialis longus is located next to the brachyradialis and is one of the 5 core muscles that help move the wrist. When a person clenches a fist, this muscle is actively involved and protrudes from the skin.

Note:

The muscles on the front of the forearm, such as the flexor carpi radialis and flexor digitorum superficialis, form the flexor group that flexes the hand at the wrist and each of the phalanges. Inflammation of this area can lead to pain and numbness known as carpal tunnel syndrome.

Coracobrachialis muscle

A long, narrow, beak-shaped muscle located on the inner surface of the shoulder. At the top it is attached near the coracoid process of the scapula, and at the bottom - to the front inner part of the arm. This muscle is not an elbow flexor

The coracobrachialis muscle performs the following functions:

Bringing the arm towards the body with the elbow bent.

A composite atlas of all the muscles of the forearms looks like this.

Actually, we're done with anatomy. Friends, are you still here...or am I just shaking the air? :). Let's go further and now talk about practical training aspects.

Supination and pronation - what is it?

These are two special movements produced by the muscles of the forearms - supination (turning outward) and pronation (turning inward). Supination is produced by the biceps and the muscles of the round supinator of the forearms, pronation - by the muscles of the pronator teres of the forearms.

It turns out that different grips on equipment (for example, dumbbells) provide different types of work for the arms and different degrees of participation of the biceps/triceps and forearms muscles.

Let's move on to the practical part of the note.

How to train your arms correctly? You should know it.

Let's go over the anatomical features of the arm muscles and, as a result, derive some rules for their effective training. And we'll start with...

No. 1. Biceps.

The biceps is a superficial muscle, so the indicative appearance of your hand muscles will depend on its quality development. The main movements in which he participates are lifting the projectile from bottom to top, i.e. bringing it to the chest. To create the peak of the biceps, it is necessary to use lifts with supination during the exercise - turning the hand upward when the palm faces the ceiling and the little finger is located above the thumb, or lifts with an already supinated hand.

The best biceps exercises

These include:

· standing barbell/dumbbell lifts (straight/EZ bar);

Reverse grip pull-ups

· lifting dumbbells while sitting at an upward angle from an extended position;

It is worth understanding that the shape of the biceps is laid in you by Mother Nature; it can be long with short ligaments or short with long ends of the ligaments (like Schwarzenegger).

No. 2. Triceps.

Triceps makes up 2/3 part of the volume of the arms, therefore, if the arms do not have enough volume, then it is necessary first of all to “hammer” the triceps and only then the biceps. The main “profession” of all three triceps heads is extension of the arm at the elbow joint, while the medial one is the most active of all heads. Triceps antagonists (biceps, brachialis) are physiologically more powerful than the triceps muscle, which is manifested in a slight bend of the arms at the elbow when they hang freely during rest.

For the qualitative development of the triceps brachii muscle, it is necessary to use flexion/extension exercises with free weight. Quality means an increase in the volume-strength characteristics of a given muscle group. You shouldn’t devote time to isolated exercise machines (guys, leave them to the girls); it’s better to use multi-joint exercises in which everything is immediately “captured” into work 3 triceps heads.

Extensor carpi longus muscle - pain and tenderness in the lateral epicondyle and anatomical snuffbox.

Extensor carpi brevis - pain in the dorsum of the wrist and hand;

Extensor carpi ulnaris - pain primarily on the ulnar side of the back of the wrist (muscle involvement is rare and usually occurs as a result of serious injury, such as a fracture of the ulna, or frozen shoulder);

Brachioradialis muscle - the main pain is projected to the wrist and to the base of the thumb in the area between the thumb and index finger, pain in the lateral epicondyle with tenderness with weak tapping on its lower surface, which can also be caused by damage to the supinator of the forearm (if the instep is damaged, this pain is the main , while with damage to the brachioradialis muscle the pain is inconsistent and diffuse in nature, pain with damage to the brachioradialis muscle rarely spreads to the olecranon). The muscle is often affected simultaneously with the extensor wrist, extensor digitorum, and supinator of the forearm, as well as the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles.

Diseases such as carpal or carpal tenosynovitis or arthrosis of the small joints of the wrist have clinical manifestations very similar to damage to the extensor muscles of the wrist and brachioradialis muscle. Such combined pathologies are very common. Residual soreness after muscle treatment indicates true inflammation of the joints or tendons. Damage to the extensor carpi radialis and brachioradialis muscles usually occurs together. Damage to only one muscle, most likely, may be associated with damage to the extensor digitorum or supinator muscle. Extensor carpi ulnaris lesions rarely occur without involvement of the adjacent extensor digitorum parallelis muscle. Damage to the brachioradialis muscle often develops as a secondary lesion to the supinator of the forearm and the long extensor carpi radialis, then damage to the long extensor fingers of the hand develops, especially to the extensors of the middle and ring fingers. The distal aspect of the medial head of the triceps brachii may also be affected, with pain in the lateral epicondyle.

Extensor carpi radialis brevis can cause compression of the radial nerve in a fully pronated forearm with movement disorders in the form of weakness of the muscles innervated by this nerve (extensor index finger, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum, and extensor carpi radialis, as well as the long muscle, abductor pollicis) or sensory disorders in the form of numbness and tingling in the dorsum of the metacarpus and thumb (see muscle - supinator of the forearm).

Extensor carpi radialis. Extensor carpi radialis longus. It starts from the lower third of the crest of the humerus between the epicondyle and the attachment of the brachioradialis muscle, continues as a tendon from the proximal one-third of the forearm and is attached to the posteroradial surface of the base of the second metacarpal bone. Extensor carpi radialis brevis. It starts from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the radial collateral ligament and to the intermuscular septum, passes through the thickest part of the abdomen at the border between the proximal and middle one-third of the forearm and attaches to the posteroradial surface of the base of the third metacarpal bone.

Extensor carpi ulnaris. It originates from the common extensor tendon, which arises from the lateral epicondyle and is attached by the tendon to the ulnar surface of the base of the fifth metacarpal bone.

Brachioradialis muscle. Starting from the lower lateral third of the humerus, from the crest of the humerus, which passes into the lateral epicondyle, the humerus and the lateral intermuscular septum below the site of penetration by the radial nerve and is attached by a tendon to the styloid process of the radius, connecting to nearby ligaments (some muscle fibers can attach to several carpal bones and to the third metacarpal bone).

Extensor carpi radialis. Both muscles: Extension of the hand at the wrist joint is mainly carried out by the short extensor carpi radialis, together with the extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor fingers of the hand; Abduction of the hand at the wrist joint (deviation to the radial side) is mainly carried out by the long extensor carpi radialis together with the flexor carpi radialis.

Extensor carpi ulnaris. Extension of the hand in the wrist joint (together with the radial extensors of the hand). The muscle is the main antagonist of wrist flexion at the wrist joint. Adduction of the hand at the wrist joint (deviation to the ulnar side) is the main action, together with the flexor of the wrist.

Brachioradialis muscle. Flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint (primary function), especially when the arm is in a neutral position. Bringing the forearm to a neutral mid-position from a position of pronation or supination. The muscle takes a limited part in pronation and participates very little (if at all) in supination of the forearm. Approximation of the articular surfaces of the elbow joint when the joint is flexed (unlike the biceps brachii and brachialis, which separate them somewhat). Abduction of the hand in the wrist joint (deviation to the radial side) (with atypical attachment of the muscle to the scaphoid or to the third metacarpal bone) together with the long extensor carpi radialis.

Extensor and supinator muscles of the hand – Orientation test – standing position. Execution: in a standing position, the patient points the fingertips of the hands down or up so that the bases of the palms fit tightly to each other. If the bases of the palms of the hands do not fit tightly to each other and a gap remains, then there is a functional block of the wrist joint in extension.

Wrist extensors and brachioradialis – Stretch mobilization and post-isometric relaxation – sitting or supine position. Starting position and direction for stretching: Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis. The affected arm is straightened at the elbow joint, the hand is pronated. The direction for stretching is flexion of the pronated hand at the wrist joint. Extensor carpi ulnaris. The position of the elbow does not matter. The direction for stretching is flexion and supination of the hand at the wrist joint. Brachioradialis muscle. The arm is straightened at the elbow joint, the cubital fossa is facing upward, the elbow is pressed against the support (to prevent internal rotation of the shoulder), the forearm is fully pronated, the hand is pronated and deviated to the ulnar side (hand abduction). The direction for stretching is flexion of the pronated hand. Doctor: standing to the side. For treatment in a sitting position, the doctor grabs the patient’s shoulder with his opposite hand, and the elbow joint with the hand of this hand. The hand of the same name is located on the back of the patient's left hand. Execution: Mobilization by stretching. The doctor smoothly and slowly increases the amplitude of the initial displacement of the hand. Postisometric relaxation. 1. The doctor performs a preliminary passive stretch of the muscle by increasing the initial displacement of the hand with a slight force until a light springy comfortable feeling of tissue tension (elastic barrier) appears and holds it for 3-5 s to adapt (accustom) the muscle to stretching. 2. The patient looks up, inhales slowly and smoothly, holds his breath and tries to contract the muscle, bringing the hand to a neutral position with minimal effort against adequate light resistance from the doctor for 7-9 s. 3. The patient exhales slowly and smoothly, smoothly relaxes the muscles and looks down, and the doctor performs additional soft, smooth passive stretching of the muscle, increasing the volume of the initial displacement of the hand with minimal effort until some springy resistance (tension) of the tissue appears or until mild pain appears within 5- 10 s. In this new stretched position, the muscle is held in place by tension to repeat the isometric work. 4. The technique is repeated 4-6 times without breaking the stretching force between repetitions by carefully holding the muscle in a stretched state and without returning it to a neutral position. Self-administered post-isometric relaxation. Done in the same way. For isometric loading and subsequent stretching of the muscle, pressure is used with the free hand on the hand of the affected hand. Note: some manual therapy manuals recommend treating the extensor carpi radialis in the position of flexion of the forearm, and treating the extensor carpi ulnaris in the position of pronation without deviation in any direction.

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Muscle pain above or below the elbow

Muscle pain is a symptom of muscle fiber damage. Such changes can be associated both with mechanical injuries due to excessive stress on the muscles, and with serious diseases of muscle tissue. The localization of pain and the patient’s lifestyle are also of great importance in diagnosing the cause of the disease and choosing a treatment method. For example, if the muscles of the arm above the elbow in a professional athlete hurt, we can assume the development of degenerative changes in the tendons of the biceps and triceps.

What muscles can hurt in your arms?

In order to understand the source of pain, you need to know the anatomy of the muscles of the upper limbs. The muscular system is responsible for the functioning of the joints and ensures the mobility of the arms. All muscles are divided into 3 main groups, depending on their location and the joints they affect.

Shoulder muscles

All muscles that are located in the shoulder area can be divided into 2 groups. They all originate near the shoulder joint and end at the elbow. When muscle fibers contract, the flexor muscles cause the arm to flex at the elbow, and the extensors do the opposite.

The flexor muscles are located on the front of the shoulder:

  • coracobrachialis muscle;
  • biceps brachii (biceps);
  • brachial muscle.

Extensors - posterior muscles of the shoulder:

If the shoulder muscles are damaged, pain is felt above the elbow, which intensifies when the shoulder and elbow joints are used. Based on the nature of the pain (sharp, nagging, may intensify with movement or at rest), as well as the results of additional studies, you can determine its cause and begin treatment.

Understanding the anatomy of the muscles of the upper extremities will help determine the source and cause of pain

Forearm muscles

The largest muscle of the forearm is the brachioradialis, which flexes the arm at the elbow. The remaining muscles are responsible for the operation of the wrist joint, ensuring its flexion and extension.

The wrist flexors are a group of muscles that are located on the front side of the forearm:

  • flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris;
  • long palmar muscle.

The wrist extensors are a group of muscles that are located on the back of the forearm:

  • extensor carpi;
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus.

If the muscles of the forearm are damaged, pain is felt below the elbow. Such disorders affect the functioning of the elbow and wrist - movements of these joints cause pain.

Muscles of the hand

There are a large number of small muscles on the hands that move all the joints of the fingers. These muscles can be injured in everyday life due to careless movements. In this case, pain is felt in the hand or fingers, and the work of the wrist joint may become difficult.

Causes of muscle pain in the arms

Pain is a sign of the development of inflammation or degenerative changes in tissues. By the nature of the pain, you can determine the cause of its occurrence.

  • Acute pain is a symptom of stretching or rupture of muscle fibers, arthritis, neuropathic syndromes, and infectious diseases.
  • Aching muscle pain accompanies osteochondrosis, arthritis, and chronic muscle inflammation.

When diagnosing a disease, it is important to know about the patient’s occupation. Both intense sports activities and a sedentary lifestyle of an office worker can cause soreness in the arm muscles, but the reason for their occurrence will be different.

Injuries

The muscle consists of individual fibers that are capable of contracting, causing the arm to move. They are elastic, that is, they can withstand significant loads, but they can be injured if they move carelessly or perform complex exercises. The most common injuries are muscle sprains and tears.

A sprain is a pathology that occurs when a load that a muscle is unable to withstand. The prognosis for this phenomenon is favorable, since the integrity of the muscle is not compromised. Stretching can be suspected by characteristic signs:

  • moderate pain, which intensifies with movement;
  • low muscle tone.

The first signs often appear at the time of injury. The patient feels a spasm that prevents further stretching of the fibers and their rupture. Symptoms disappear within a few days, during which time it is recommended to limit the intensity of exercise and apply an elastic bandage to the damaged area. In the first few days, cold compresses are applied, then warming ointments are indicated.

Special elastic bandages are selected individually and applied to the damaged area

A rupture is a more serious injury in which the integrity of the fibers is disrupted. A distinction is made between a complete rupture and a partial rupture, when some of the muscle fibers remain undamaged.

Symptoms occur directly during injury:

If a complete rupture occurs, urgent surgical intervention is required, during which a suture is placed on the muscle. If some of the fibers remain intact, the limb is fixed with a plaster cast. After its removal, a recovery period of 6–8 weeks is indicated. During this time, the patient performs a set of exercises prescribed by the doctor, wears an elastic bandage, and physical therapy is also useful.

Myositis

Myositis is characterized by a number of symptoms:

  • intense pain that intensifies with movement, but persists at rest;
  • limited mobility of the affected muscle, which affects the functioning of the limb;
  • upon palpation, a thickening of the muscle is felt, and tubercles may appear;
  • with long-term chronic myositis, the affected muscle visually becomes thinner compared to healthy;
  • the infectious process is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, weakness, and the development of purulent inflammation.

General symptomatic treatment takes place in 2 stages. In the first few days, cold is indicated at the site of injury; for this, ice or cooling compresses are used. Then the inflammatory process is stimulated with warming ointments and rubbing so that it does not enter the chronic stage.

Muscular rheumatism

Rheumatism refers to the process of destruction of muscle tissue, which is accompanied by pain and inflammation. The causes of this pathology can be injuries, infectious and metabolic diseases, hormonal and nervous disorders, as well as stress. Most often, such diseases are diagnosed in middle-aged women.

There are two forms of muscular rheumatism:

  • Acute - begins with an increase in body temperature, then soreness and muscle tension occur. The pain can change localization, that is, appear alternately in different muscles. Such symptoms continue for several days, then the disease can go away on its own or become chronic.
  • The chronic form of rheumatism lasts several weeks or months and can subsequently accompany the patient throughout his life. The arm muscles hurt when the climate or temperature changes, hypothermia or stress.

Treatment of the disease is complex. Therapy begins with the prescription of antirheumatic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Warming physiotherapy, therapeutic massage, and treatment in sanatoriums have a good effect. Patients are offered psychological support, where a specialist will teach how to resist stress and pay attention to internal balance. In addition, the patient will be advised on proper nutrition to ensure that all necessary vitamins and microelements are present in the diet.

Joint pathologies

Joint diseases cause disturbances in the entire motor system of the hands. All such diseases can be divided into two main groups:

  • arthritis – inflammatory pathologies that develop due to injuries, joint infections, immunodeficiencies, and nervous disorders;
  • arthrosis – changes in the structure of bones and joints of a non-inflammatory nature, caused by metabolic pathologies.

Mechanical damage to the joints leads to limited mobility, inflammation and muscle atrophy.

For example, after an injury to the elbows, the muscles of the forearm suffer and myositis develops. Treatment in this case is aimed at preserving the function of the joint. Fixing bandages are used, patients are prescribed a course of therapeutic exercises and medications.

Arthrosis must be treated in the initial stages, otherwise it will not be easy to restore mobility to the hands

You can get arthrosis at any age, but older people are at risk. Most often, the joints of the phalanges of the fingers are affected symmetrically on both limbs. It is not possible to completely eliminate the symptoms; you can only prevent the development of the disease and relieve pain in the joints and muscles. The patient is advised to lose excess weight, adjust their diet, and are prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics (painkillers).

Pathologies of the nervous system

The limbs receive nerve impulses through the spinal nerves. They originate from the lower cervical and first thoracic vertebrae and reach the shoulders, elbows and then continue to the very tips of the fingers. Pinched nerves due to cervical osteochondrosis or hernias cause a feeling of pain and numbness in the hands, and their mobility decreases.

Treatment is carried out under the supervision of a doctor. In some cases, surgical intervention is indicated, but more often the symptoms can be eliminated with the help of therapeutic exercises, medications, nutritional and lifestyle corrections. To support the spine, you can wear special collars that fix the vertebrae, relax the neck muscles and prevent pinched nerves.

Infectious diseases

Bacterial diseases (influenza, brucellosis) often manifest as muscle pain. They begin with an increase in body temperature and general weakness, then characteristic symptoms begin to develop. The diagnosis is made on the basis of laboratory tests, after which the doctor prescribes special drugs that destroy pathogenic microflora. Treatment takes place in a hospital, then a rehabilitation period is indicated to restore the body's defenses.

Pain in the arm muscles is a dangerous symptom that requires additional diagnosis from a doctor. Despite the many causes, the symptoms of many pathologies may be similar, but the treatment may differ. If therapy is not started in a timely manner, there is a risk that some pathologies will enter the chronic stage, which will continue to bother the patient for a long time. Even minor sprains require diagnosis and qualified medical care.

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What can cause wrist pain?

The section of the upper limb between the metacarpal bones and the forearm, formed by eight bones, is called the wrist. This part of the hand is subject to constant stress, as it is located in the most mobile part of the limb, so many people experience wrist pain.

In case of prolonged and persistent pain in this part, it is important for the patient to immediately consult a specialist, since self-medication and ignoring the symptom itself can lead to irreversible consequences. In cases where your wrist hurts, you should seek help from the following doctors:

Causes of wrist pain

As a rule, many people experience pain in the wrist when flexing and straightening the hand. This significantly limits the mobility of the limb, and this condition can be caused by various reasons. Factors that lead to the occurrence of such a syndrome include acute injuries and injuries, and various pathologies of the joints, muscles, bone tissue and tendons can also cause pain in the wrist.

Fractures, sprains and dislocations lead to acute injuries of the wrist of varying severity, accompanied by various symptoms - from shock to deformation of the hands. There are cases when fractures of the wrist bones are not accompanied by acute pain, but occur in a smoothed form.

In everyday life, situations often arise when, after an unfortunate bruise or fall, the wrist swells and severely hurts when bent, which limits the mobility of the limb. If the patient is not provided with medical care in a timely manner, loss of arm mobility and other serious complications cannot be ruled out.

Another cause of wrist pain is ligament ruptures, which often occur with sudden, uncharacteristic bending of the hands. The symptoms in this situation are similar to those that occur with bruises - pain, swelling and limited wrist movement.

Pathologies of the tendons also lead to severe pain in the limb of the arm. Lack of timely medical intervention may well lead to complete or partial loss of hand mobility. These pathologies include inflammation of the tendons such as tendevitis, tendovaginitis and peritendinitis, which differ in the causes of occurrence and location, namely:

  • Tendevit - occurs in the flexor tendons connecting the metacarpal bones to the wrist. Typically, the disease occurs in athletes and people who constantly perform repeated movements with a strong load on the wrist (construction workers);
  • With tenosynovitis, the wrist hurts when bending the thumbs, since the location of the disease is the tendons responsible for their movement;
  • Peritendinitis occurs in the extensor tendons of the wrist and hand. When the disease occurs, the wrist hurts sharply and the mobility of the thumb and index fingers is limited.

Carpal tunnel syndrome, or carpal tunnel syndrome as it is also called, is an inflammation of the nerve that occurs when it is compressed between the flexor retinaculum and the three bony walls. Because of it, the wrist hurts sharply, the hand becomes numb and the mobility of the fingers is complicated. The syndrome mainly manifests itself in people whose activities are associated with increased activity of fine motor skills (artists, musicians, neurosurgeons, etc.).

Other reasons why the wrist hurts are pathologies of the joints, which are very diverse (arthrosis, arthritis, etc.). Their manifestation is due to many unfavorable factors; the consequences of the diseases are serious complications, namely:

  • Deforming osteoarthritis, in which the cartilage tissue of the wrist joint is damaged. The cause is improperly healed fractures of the wrist bones or genetic and metabolic factors. In addition to the fact that the wrist hurts greatly, with the disease there is increased sensitivity when pressing in the area of ​​​​inflammation. If the patient is not helped in time, deformation of the hand is possible;
  • Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that affects small joints, sharp and severe pain in the wrist, and impaired fine motor skills and general mobility of the hands. The patient needs careful treatment and care, because there is a threat of a chronic inflammatory process that affects vital organs (heart, lungs) and disrupts the basic functions of the body. A fatal outcome cannot be ruled out.

Pathologies of bone tissue also cause severe pain in the wrist, as they provoke an inflammatory process in the wrist area of ​​the hands. Sometimes after examination it turns out that the pathologies are caused by necrosis, which leads to complete or partial death of bone tissue.

Prevention and treatment of wrist pain

In order to avoid a condition where your wrist hurts, you must adhere to a number of simple rules, namely:

  • Follow the principles of proper nutrition;
  • Perform hand massage when working at the computer for a long time;
  • Be careful when performing traumatic work;
  • Do exercises regularly to strengthen your wrist muscles.

Timely diagnosis and early treatment of wrist pain guarantee that the patient will subsequently be able to avoid the development of many complications. Self-medication is strictly prohibited, since determining the root cause of pain is a difficult process even for a qualified doctor. Treatment directly depends on what caused the symptom to appear. If the pain is due to injuries, bruises, fractures or sprains, the doctor will apply a bandage, plaster or elastic bandage, etc. If the cause is pathology, either surgical or conservative treatment of wrist pain is performed.

Many people face the problem of wrist pain after working at the computer for a long time or when injuries occur. It is important to know that you should not try to cope with pain on your own in such situations, since improper treatment can be fraught with disastrous consequences.

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Symptoms of the disease - pain in the wrists

Pain and its causes by category:

Pain and its causes in alphabetical order:

wrist pain

What diseases cause wrist pain:

Wrist sprains usually affect either the ligaments that hold the lower ends of the two forearm bones, the radius and ulna, together, or the ligaments that hold the carpal bones together (the carpals).

A sharp, strong bend of the hand back.

Acute pain in the wrist

Limitation of range of motion,

Wrist tendinitis is especially common due to the narrow sheaths through which the tendons pass in this area. Even slight irritation of the tendons causes thickening in the sheaths and a symptom of tendinitis called crepitus - a cracking sensation in the tendon.

The most common tendonitis of the wrist is caused by inflammation of the two flexor tendons that run through the wrist to the hand and fingers.

Causes may include repetitive bending and straightening of the wrist through a wide range of motion (frequently swinging an object).

Wrist pain worsens with activity

Sensation of cracking in the tendons,

Difficulty grasping objects.

During a long-term process, a dense swelling resembling an orange seed appears above or below the styloid process of the radius, or sometimes on both sides of the styloid process - this is a thickening of the scarred common tendon sheath of the above muscles. There are four pathognomonic symptoms of stenosing tenosynovitis:

Passive ulnar abduction of the hand clenched into a fist causes pain in the wrist in the area of ​​the styloid process, sometimes the pain radiates to the tip of the thumb or up to the elbow joint;

Passive extension of the thumb is painless;

Limited tenderness occurs with pressure 1-1.5 cm distal to the end of the styloid process;

Tenosynovitis occurs with unusual, excessive movements of the thumb (pianists, tailors, telephone operators, when wringing wet laundry).

Cause of carpal tunnel syndrome.

The cause of pain in carpal tunnel syndrome is a pinched nerve in the carpal tunnel. Pinching can be caused by swelling of the tendons passing in close proximity to the nerve, as well as swelling of the nerve itself.

The cause of a pinched nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome is a constant static load on the same muscles, which can be caused by a large number of monotonous movements (for example, when working with a computer mouse) or an uncomfortable position of the hands while working with the keyboard, in which the wrist is in constant tension.

Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome.

With the development of carpal tunnel syndrome, there is constant pain and discomfort in the wrists, weakening and numbness of the hands, especially the palms.

It should be noted that pain in the hands can be caused not only by pinching of the carpal nerve, but also by damage to the spine (osteochondrosis, herniated intervertebral discs) in which the nerve coming from the spinal cord is damaged.

The main symptom of peritendinitis is wrist pain. With changes in the lower part of the forearm, sometimes swelling is visible along the tendon. Pressing with a finger in the affected area causes pain, and with active movements of the fingers, a gentle crepitation (“suede” creaking) can be detected, palpated, and sometimes heard.

Osteoarthritis of the lower radioulnar joint occurs with an improperly healed fracture of the radius in a typical place, with a fracture of the forearm bones with a rupture of the lower radioulnar joint and dislocation of the head of the ulna (plus-variant of the ulna).

Symptoms of radioulnar osteoarthritis are pain in the wrist during pronation-supination movements of the forearm, painful sensitivity when pressing from the dorsal surface over the area of ​​the lower radioulnar joint.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease predominantly of middle age between 25 and 55 years. Usually occurs chronically; the inflammatory process, starting in the joints of the fingers and toes, spreads centripetally, involving the elbow, knee, shoulder and hip joints.

Rheumatoid arthritis also occurs in early childhood, in which its course is modified by the age-related characteristics of the patient. In children, the onset of the disease is often acute and, in addition to the joints of the extremities, the joints of the cervical spine are involved in the chronic inflammatory process.

Joints with rheumatoid polyarthritis take on a spindle-shaped shape. Arthrogenic flexion contractures and deformities that are difficult to correct quickly develop. If preventive measures are not taken in a timely manner, subluxations and dislocations may develop in the affected joints. In severe cases of rheumatoid polyarthritis, the hands deviate to the ulnar side. Finger deformities in rheumatoid polyarthritis have two main causes. The first reason is that the destruction of the capsule and ligaments deprives the joints of stability, and the traction of the tendons leads to the development of deformities - the fingers deviate to the ulnar side, subluxations appear, as a result of which extension is limited. As a result, flexion-extension contractures appear in fingers affected by rheumatoid polyarthritis. The second cause of finger deformities is “spontaneous” tendon ruptures. The tendons involved in the rheumatoid process are destroyed, infiltrated by granulation tissue, and in those places where they are subject to pressure and friction, they tear. Most often, the tendons of the long extensor of the thumb (m. extensor poll. longus) at the level of Lister's tubercle and individual tendons of the common extensor of the fingers (m. extensor digitorum longus) at the level of the radioulnar joint are torn. Rupture is usually preceded by pain on the dorsum of the wrist joint.

The first stage (beginning) often appears after damage, which occurs with pain for one to two weeks;

The remission period lasts several months;

The active period of the disease with symptoms lasting several years, and

Osteoarthritis of the wrist joint with persistent, incessant pain.

Pain in the wrist, moderate at first, intensifies with manual work. Painful sensitivity appears when pressing on the affected bone, as well as when tapping with a finger on the head of the third tarsal bone in case of lunatomalacia and on the head of the first phalanx of the thumb in case of damage to the scaphoid bone.

Which doctors should you contact if you experience wrist pain:

Are you experiencing wrist pain? Do you want to know more detailed information or do you need an inspection? You can make an appointment with Doctor Eurolab is always at your service! The best doctors will examine you, study external signs and help you identify the disease by symptoms, advise you and provide the necessary assistance. You can also call a doctor at home. The Eurolab clinic is open for you around the clock.

Phone number of our clinic in Kiev: (+3 (multi-channel). The clinic secretary will select a convenient day and time for you to visit the doctor. Our coordinates and directions are listed here. Look in more detail about all the clinic’s services on its personal page.

If you have previously performed any tests, be sure to take their results to a consultation with your doctor. If the studies have not been performed, we will do everything necessary in our clinic or with our colleagues in other clinics.

Does your wrist hurt? It is necessary to take a very careful approach to your overall health. People do not pay enough attention to the symptoms of diseases and do not realize that these diseases can be life-threatening. There are many diseases that at first do not manifest themselves in our body, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately, it is too late to treat them. Each disease has its own specific signs, characteristic external manifestations - the so-called symptoms of the disease. Identifying symptoms is the first step in diagnosing diseases in general. To do this, you simply need to be examined by a doctor several times a year in order not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in the body and the organism as a whole.

If you want to ask a doctor a question, use the online consultation section, perhaps you will find answers to your questions there and read tips on caring for yourself. If you are interested in reviews about clinics and doctors, try to find the information you need on the forum. Also register on the Eurolab medical portal to be constantly aware of the latest news and information updates on the site, which will be automatically sent to you by email.

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Origin: lateral epicondyle, lateral intermuscular septum of the shoulder.

Attachment: base of the second metacarpal bone.

Function: wrist extension, wrist abduction (together with the flexor carpi radialis).

    Extensor carpi radialis brevis (m. extensor carpi radialis brevis)(3).

Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus, radial collateral and annular ligaments.

Attachment: base of the third metacarpal bone.

Function: wrist extension, wrist abduction.

The ulnar group of the superficial layer includes 3 muscles.

    Extensor digitorum (m. extensor digitorum)(4); The tendons of this muscle at the level of the heads of the metacarpal bones are connected to each other by fibrous bundles—intertendinous joints (connexus intertendinineus). At the base of the proximal phalanges, the tendons are divided into 3 legs - 2 lateral and a middle one.

Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus, articular capsule of the elbow joint, fascia of the forearm.

Attachment: bases of the distal phalanges (lateral legs of the tendons), bases of the middle phalanges (middle legs) of the II-V fingers.

Function: finger extension, wrist extension.

    Extensorlittle finger(m. extensor digiti minimi) (5).

Origin: splits off from the extensor digitorum.

Attachment: base of the distal phalanx of the fifth finger (together with the tendon from the extensor digitorum).

Function: extends the little finger (V finger).

    Extensor carpi ulnaris (m. extensor carpi ulnaris)(6) has two heads: humeral and ulnar.

Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus, body of the ulna and capsule of the elbow joint.

Attachment: base of the fifth metacarpal bone.

Function: extension of the hand, adduction of the hand (together with the flexor carpi ulnaris).

In the deep layer the posterior group (Fig. 95 b) contains 5 muscles:

    Arch support(m. supinator) (1).

Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus, crest of the supinator of the ulna, capsule of the elbow joint.

Attachment: upper end of the radius.

Function: rotation of the radius, and with it the hand, outward, supinatio; extension at the elbow joint.

    Abductor pollicis longus (m. abductor pollicis longus) (2).

Beginning: middle third of the radius and ulna, interosseous membrane of the forearm.

Attachment: base of the metacarpal bone.

Function: abduction of the thumb, abduction of the hand.

    Shortextensor pollicis brevis (m. extensor pollicis brevis)(3).

Origin: radius, interosseous membrane.

Insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.

Function: extension of the thumb, abduction of the thumb.

    Longextensor pollicis longus (m. extensor pollicis longus)(4).

Origin: ulna and interosseous membrane of the forearm.

Insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.

Function: extension of the thumb.

    Extensorindex finger (m. extensor indicis)(5).

Origin: lower third of the ulna and interosseous membrane of the forearm.

Insertion: middle and distal phalanges (together with the extensor tendon of the digitorum).

Function: extension of the index finger.

Muscles of the hand

M the muscles of the hand (Fig. 96 a, b, c) are located on the palmar surface and are divided into three groups: 1-lateral group of muscles that form the eminence of the thumb, or the muscles of the eminence of the thumb (thenar) (muscles of the thumb); 2nd medial muscle group, forms the eminence of the little finger (hypothenar), or the muscles of the little finger (muscles of the 5th finger); 3middle muscle group, or muscles of the palmar cavity (palmamanus).

Rice. 96. Muscles of the right hand (front view):

A– superficial layer of muscles (tendons of the superficial flexor digitorum are preserved); b– superficial; V– deep layer of muscles of the eminences of the thumb and little finger (interosseous muscles removed)

    Lateral group muscles located around the 1st metacarpal bone, acts on the thumb (pollex) and includes 4 muscles:

    short muscle, abductor pollicis (m. abductorpollicisbrevis) (1), lies on the lateral side of the eminence of the thumb;

    flexor pollicis brevis (m. flexor pollicis brevis)(2) has 2 heads: a) superficial head (caput superficiale); b) deep head (caputprofundum) , the long flexor pollicis tendon (m. flexor pollicis longus) passes between the heads;

    muscle that opposes the thumb to the hand (m. opponenspollicis) (3), lies under the m.abductorpollicisbrevis;

    adductor pollicis muscle (m. adductorpollicis) (4), has two heads: a) oblique head (caput obliquum); b) transverse head (caput transversum).

The muscles of the lateral group begin from the stretching of the flexors (retinaculumflexorum) and the nearest bones of the wrist, with the exception of the adductor pollicis muscle, starting from the III metacarpal bone, and are attached to the proximal phalanx of the thumb and the sesamoid bones of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb, except for the muscle opponensus thumb of the hand (m.opponenspollicis), which is attached to the metacarpal bone.

    Medial group muscles surround the fifth metacarpal bone, act on the little finger (5th finger) and include 4 muscles:

    short palmaris muscle (m. palmaris brevis)(5) (vestigial cutaneous muscle);

    muscle that abducts the little finger (m. abductor digiti minimi)(6), occupying the most medial position in this muscle group;

    short flexor of the little finger (m. flexor digiti minimi brevis)(7);

    muscle opposite the little finger (m. opponensdigitiminimi) (8), lying lateral to the previous muscle.

The short palmaris muscle (m.palmarisbrevis) starts from the inner edge of the palmar aponeurosis and the flexor retinaculum.

Attachment: woven into the skin of the eminence of the little finger.

The remaining muscles of the medial group begin from the stretch of the flexors (retinaculum flexorum) and the nearest bones of the wrist (pisiform bone, hook of the hamate) and are attached to the proximal phalanx of the little finger (Vfinger), with the exception of the muscle opponens digitiminimi, which is attached to the V metacarpal bone .

Function: corresponds to the names of the muscles.

    Middle group muscles occupy the intermetacarpal spaces, act on the II–V fingers and include 4 lumbrical muscles (musculilumbricales); 3 palmar interosseous muscles (musculiinterosseipalmares) and 4 dorsal interosseous muscles (musculiinterosseidorsales).

    Vermiform muscles (muscleslumbricales) (9) connect the tendons of the superficial flexor and extensor of the fingers (4 muscles). Each starts from the radial edge of the corresponding tendon of the deep flexor digitorum and is attached to the dorsal surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the II-V fingers.

Function: flexion of the main and extension of the middle and distal phalanges of the fingers.

Start : ulnar side II, radial side IV and V metacarpal bones, attachment – capsules of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the II, IV and V fingers.

Function: bringing the II, IV and V fingers to the III finger, flexing their main and extending the middle and distal phalanges.

    Dorsal interosseous muscles (musculi inte-rossei dorsales)(Fig. 97 b) – abductors, 4 in number, are located in the I, II, III and IV intermetacarpal spaces.

Each muscle begins with two heads from the surfaces of two adjacent metacarpal bones facing each other and is attached to the proximal phalanges of the II and III fingers on the radial side (1st and 2nd dorsal interosseous muscles), III and IV on the ulnar side (3rd I and 4th muscles).

Function: abduction of the II, III, IV fingers, flexion of their main and extension of the middle and distal phalanges.